1. 1 Apply the whole of ourselves to the text; Apply the text wholly to yourself! J.A. Bengel (1687-1752)

2. 2 Bengel worded it as an exhortation.Bengel worded it as an exhortation. With us as the active agents in the interpretive process.With us as the active agents in the interpretive process.

3. 3 However, what if we write it this way However, what if we write it this way, Apply the whole of ourselves to the text; And the text will apply itself wholly to you!

4. 4 This becomes more of a promise relying upon an outside agent, the Holy Spirit.This becomes more of a promise relying upon an outside agent, the Holy Spirit. The Bible ceases to be an object; rather the Word takes hold of us.The Bible ceases to be an object; rather the Word takes hold of us. We bring questions to the Bible and the Word in turn questions us.We bring questions to the Bible and the Word in turn questions us.

5. 5 We may have come to the Bible as a container with meaning yet in reality the Word transforms reading into an encounter.We may have come to the Bible as a container with meaning yet in reality the Word transforms reading into an encounter. E.g., Beethoven’s 9 th as a music score or as an eventE.g., Beethoven’s 9 th as a music score or as an event

6. 6 Three Worlds of Text In present scholarship, we can categorize three different groups of theories, regarding the location of meaning 1. World Behind the text (Author-centered) 2. World Within the text (Text-centered) 3. World in front of the text (Reader-centered)

7. 7 Three Worlds of Text 1.World Behind the text (Author-centered) Meaning is assumed to lie in the author’s intention formulated in terms of social, political, and cultural matrix of the author. Questions asked, “What prompted John to write this?” “What did he mean when he wrote?” “What historical situations influenced his work?”

8. 8 Three Worlds of the Text 1.World Behind the text 1.World Behind the text (Author-centered) Three Critical Approaches associated with historical-critical method: Source criticismSource criticism Form CriticismForm Criticism Redaction CriticismRedaction Criticism

9. 9 Three Worlds of the Text 1. World Behind the text 1. World Behind the text (Author-centered) Problem with looking for meaning only with this historical approach: With the huge amount of attention given to the world behind the text... The text itself and the reader was overlooked.

10. 10 Three Worlds of the Text 2. World Within the text 2. World Within the text (Text-centered) Emphasis upon the text as the place where meaning is housed Rise of Literary criticism

11. 11 Three Worlds of the Text 2. World Within the text 2. World Within the text (Text-centered)Problem: Text becomes autonomous, disconnected from history, author, and reader.Text becomes autonomous, disconnected from history, author, and reader. Text becomes a “container” for meaning, to be conqueredText becomes a “container” for meaning, to be conquered

12. 12 Three Worlds of the Text 3. World in front of text (Reader-centered) Each reader brings to the text a different set of presuppositions, experiences, interests, competencies Reader “creates” meaning in his/her encounter with the textReader “creates” meaning in his/her encounter with the text Rise of Reader-Response CriticismRise of Reader-Response Criticism

13. 13 Three Worlds of the Text 3. World in front of text (Reader-centered)Problem: Meaning can be seen as an invention of the reader, separate from the intention of the author or the historical situation at work in the original writing.Meaning can be seen as an invention of the reader, separate from the intention of the author or the historical situation at work in the original writing. Each reading is a new meaning. No “stable meaning of a text.”Each reading is a new meaning. No “stable meaning of a text.”

14. 14 Three Worlds of the Text Answer: An Integrated Solution Meaning is a conversation between: Narrative World of TextNarrative World of Text Real World of ReaderReal World of Reader Historical World of the AuthorHistorical World of the Author Interpretation will be impaired when any one world is given exclusive reign while neglecting of the other two!

15. 15 Simple Communication Matrix Sender Speaker (or author) Message Spoken (or written) Receiver Listener (or reader) Feedback

16. Biblical Interpretation God Moves Writer Thinks WrittenText ReaderThinks Space - Time Barrier 2. Ask Key Text-Driven Questions 3. Answer Questions Using Textual Evidence and interpretive tools (Word Studies/Cultural Historical Background, etc.) 1. Observe Text Spirit Moves Our Task