1. Geographic Principles and Mapping

2. Place Geography studies anything related to place, turning… Space into Place AbstractAbstract GeometricGeometric EmptyEmpty “Just there”“Just there” RealReal Has IdentityHas Identity SignificantSignificant “It matters”“It matters”

3. SITE (physical attributes of place) + SITUATION (relationship / relative location to other places) + SENSE OF PLACE (feelings and thoughts evoked by place) = PLACE (geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes: “Identity”): It’s “where stuff happens”

4. UW-Eau Claire as a place SITE: students, faculty, buildings, “The Hill,” dorms, etc.SITE: students, faculty, buildings, “The Hill,” dorms, etc. SITUATION: near downtown, along Chippewa River, 90 miles north of LaCrosse, in Eau Claire county, 715 area code and…?SITUATION: near downtown, along Chippewa River, 90 miles north of LaCrosse, in Eau Claire county, 715 area code and…? SENSE OF PLACE: free to live on your own, the Viennese Ball, place of great diversity, floating down the river, the great mystery of what’s a “Blugold?”SENSE OF PLACE: free to live on your own, the Viennese Ball, place of great diversity, floating down the river, the great mystery of what’s a “Blugold?” 534

5. Regions! And by categorizing a bunch of places, we create…. Regions! …but What is a Region?

6. Regions come in an endless variety of shapes, sizes, and types

14. Moral of the Story: Regions are: …in the eye of the beholder.

15. Mapping these Regions

16. Maps. Why do we care about maps?

17. MAPS = LIFE

18. Not only do maps = life. “Maps” spelled backward is…

19. Maps Elements of a Map The Geographic Grid: o Latitude o Longitude Map Projections Scale Types of Maps GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Mental Maps

20. Elements of a map POINTSPOINTS –cities, sites, etc. LINESLINES –boundaries, routes, etc. FILLSFILLS –political colors, thematic patterns, etc. TYPE / SYMBOLSTYPE / SYMBOLS –Labels, statistical charts, etc. Map of the Euro €

21. Bangkok Type and Symbols Luxembourg Metro

22. The Geographic Grid Latitude lines (parallels) run East-West, measure N or S (90˚ N) Longitude lines (meridians) run North-South, measure E or W. Santiago, Chile 33˚ 28’ 46” S 70˚ 39’ 41” W International Date Line 180˚ Degrees˚ Minutes’ Seconds” “GMT” Lagos, Nigeria 6˚ 26’ 56” N 3˚ 23’ 31” E South Pole (90˚ S)

23. Prime Meridian 0° E / W London (Greenwich)

24. You can actually stand on it!

25. A great day for geography…

26. Even right here in Wisconsin… Eau Claire 45N

27. Poniatowski, Wisconsin 45˚ 00’ 00” N 90˚ 00’ 00” W Wrong!

28. “Geological” Marker True 45˚ 90˚ Site

29. Using Your Atlas

30. World Maps (pp. 1-84) CLIMATE

31. World Religions

32. Languages of the World

33. Regional Maps (pp. 85-288)

36. Other Information (pp. 289 - 400) Pages 289 – 293: Political Information TablePages 289 – 293: Political Information Table –Country, Area, Pop, Type of Government, Capital, etc. Page 294: World ComparisonsPage 294: World Comparisons –Areas, lengths, heights –Continents, Islands, Oceans, Mountains, Rivers, etc. Page 295: Major World City PopulationsPage 295: Major World City Populations Page 296: Foreign Geographical TermsPage 296: Foreign Geographical Terms –“fjord,” “rio,” “eau” Page 297: Abbreviations and Pronunciation GuidePage 297: Abbreviations and Pronunciation Guide Page 300: Subject IndexPage 300: Subject Index

37. Index! (pp. 301-400) Can’t find a place? Use the index!Can’t find a place? Use the index! –Name of a place / feature: country, city, ocean, desert, river, etc.country, city, ocean, desert, river, etc. –Page Number –Latitude and Longitude OK, Let’s find…OK, Let’s find…

38. Ouagadougou.

39. Sample Questions: 1.What is the latitude and longitude of the capital of Paraguay? 2.What is biggest city in the country that exports the most bananas? 3.What is the population of the metropolitan area around the capital of the country on the southern border of Mt. Lenin? Exercise 1: Using Your Atlas

40. Projections: Turning a globe into a map

41. Map Projections ALL Map Projections Distort… Distance, orDistance, or Direction, orDirection, or Shape, orShape, or A combination of the above.A combination of the above.

42. Map Projections of a Human Head

43. Mercator Projection One of the first projectionsOne of the first projections Parallel lines (better for navigation)Parallel lines (better for navigation) Distortion toward poles (Greenland), therefore Northern hemisphere appears “larger”Distortion toward poles (Greenland), therefore Northern hemisphere appears “larger” (Eurocentric?)(Eurocentric?)

44. Goode’s Homolosine Projection Non-ContiguousNon-Contiguous Equal Area ProjectionEqual Area Projection Shows true areaShows true area Less distortionLess distortion Harder to navigate withHarder to navigate with

45. Combination of Mercator and Goode’s Homolosine projections Also equal area 1974 (new) Political Controversy Focuses on “South” Peters Projection

46. Robinson Projection Good between 45°N and 45°S Focuses on equator Does not show equal area Poles appear as “lines;” not points Good “visual” (not navigational) representation

47. Scale

48. Definition #1: The size/scope of places being studied Local issues versus regional, national, or global issues Scale Definition #2: Indicates the ratio of distance and area on Earth to the distance and area on a map Examples: – 1 cm on map equals 1 km – 1 inch equals 1 mile – 1 mile equals 1 mile (?) Representations: –proportional fraction (1/100,000) –ratio (1:100,000) –bar scale –verbal statement

49. BAR SCALE RATIO

50. “Opposite” meaning of scale A scale of 1/5,000 is a large-scale map compared to a scale of 1/1,000,000. Fractions: 1/5,000 > 1/1,000,000 Large-scale map: Shows a small area Shows a small area Much detail Much detail Small-scale map: Shows a large area Less detail

51. Types of Maps Choroplethic –Uses choropleths, or existing (political) units –State map, county map, country map, etc. Isometric –Uses isolines, or data lines (such as contours) –Climate, elevation, diffusion Symbolic –Proportional representation –“pie” charts, bar graphs, etc. Cartograms –Visual proportionality Or any combination of the above

52. Choroplethic Map: Choroplethic Map: Access to Clean Water

53. Isometric map: Isometric map: Climate and Weather

54. Topographic map: (using elevation contour isolines)

55. Proportional Symbolic Map: AIDS victims

56. Symbolic Map Restaurants, Gas Stations, and Stores in an area of Fort Lauderdale N ̂

57. Cartogram: Population growth rates

58. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Data-driven digital systems Allows merging (comparison) of data using layers of information on a map. Fastest growing area of geographic jobs Highly technical, centered in government and business

59. Mental Maps (cognitive maps): OUR geographical perceptions!

60. New Yorker’s View of the World

61. The World as seen from Ukraine

62. Mental Map Interpretation Selection of information, details, labelsSelection of information, details, labels Omission is as important as inclusionOmission is as important as inclusion Proportions of sizes, scales, shapesProportions of sizes, scales, shapes Choice of physical or cultural featuresChoice of physical or cultural features Relative placement of featuresRelative placement of features Influence of personal experienceInfluence of personal experience Influence of media and world eventsInfluence of media and world events