1. Week 10: Abnormal UA Seds Oval fat bodies Microorganisms Abnormal crystals Artifacts

2. Oval Fat Bodies Degenerated renal tubular epithelia Fat globules may show Maltese cross pattern in polarized light Clinically significant

3. Oval Fat Bodies

4. Cystine Aminoaciduria may be due to overflow, inability to reabsorb, or abnormal amino acids Cycstine is sulfur containing amino acid. Clear hexagonal plate that may resemble uric acid Cystinuria: hereditary impairment of proximal tubule to reabsorb cystine, lysine, ornithine, arginine. Cystine kidney stone. Cystinosis: hereditary condition where cystine deposits throughout the body. Most common cause of Fanconi’s syndrome.

5. Cystine

6. Tyrosine Fine needles May see in liver disease Tyrosinosis: faulty tyrosine metabolism Tyrosine is a naturally occurring amino acid. Product of phenylalanine metabolism and precursor of melanin, catecholamines, thyroid hormones.

7. Tyrosine

8. Leucine Concentric sphere Naturally occurring amino acid May see in liver disease along with tyrosine

9. Leucine

10. Cholesterol Rhomboid plate with notched corner Weakly birefringent

11. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Looks like Caplet

12. Sulfa Drugs (Sulfonamides) Bacteriostatic Older drugs less soluble

13. Bilirubin

14. Bacteria Usually accompany increased leukocytes May be hidden within leukocytes Commonly Escherichia coli Reflex Culture and Sensitivity test

15. Bacteriuria

16. Yeast Budding and mycelial (pseudo-hyphae) forms Often seen in diabetics and immunocompromised patients Likely Candida albicans

18. Trichomonads Flagellated protozoa from urethra Motility quickly decreases as specimen cools Trichomonas vaginalis is a type of STD

19. Trichomonas vaginalis

20. Schistosomiasis Only species seen in UA is Schistosoma hematobium that can deposit eggs in the bladder Common in Africa and SW Asia

21. Schistoma hematobium

22. Artifacts Sperm and corpora amylacea Starch and talc Fibers Oil droplets Air bubbles Glass fragments Plant cells Pollen Fecal contaminants Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) Phthirus pubis (louse) Mite X-ray contrast media IVP

23. Sperm Corpora amylacea

24. Talc

26. Fibers

27. Oil Droplets Air Bubble Glass Fragments

28. Plant cell Fecal Material Pollen

29. Enterobius vermicularis

30. Pubic Louse Mite

31. IVP

32. High Specific Gravity IVP and certain antibiotics may cause extremely high SG If SG >1.035 or 1.040 is not explained by glucosuria, etc., check history Dilution method Make 1:1 dilution with d H 2 O Read SG of diluted specimen Multiply the decimal fraction by 2

33. High Specific Gravity -- Example 1:1 diluted specimen = 1.025 Double of 0.025 = 0.050 Thus, undiluted specimen = 1.050 1.050 g/mL (original) + 1.000 g/mL(water) = 2.050 g/2mL = 1.025 g/mL (diluted specimen)