1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Disease

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Causes of Disease Hereditary Trauma Inflammation/infection Hyperplasias/neoplasms Nutritional imbalance Impaired immunity

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hereditary Error in individual’s genetic or chromosomal makeup Congenital –Disease present at birth

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hereditary Classifications of hereditary diseases: –Single gene abnormality –Abnormality of several genes –Abnormality of a chromosome

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trauma Physical injury or external force Type of traumatic disease varies with: –Age –Race –Residence

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trauma Classifications in order of prevalence: –Motor vehicle accidents –Falls –Drowning –Burns –Ingested or inhaled objects

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trauma Classifications in order of prevalence: –Poisoning –Penetrating injuries –Physical abuse

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Inflammation/Infection Inflammation –Protective immune response triggered by injury or irritant Infection –Invasion of microorganisms into tissues causing cell or tissue injury

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms Hyperplasias –Overgrowth in response to some type of stimulus Neoplasms –Also known as tumors Oncology –Study of cancer

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms Neoplasm classifications: –Benign Limited growth –Encapsulated Enclosed in capsule –Malignant Uncontrolled growth

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms Cancer –Malignant tumor Metastasize –Moves and spreads Metastatic –Moves from site of origin to secondary site in body

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutritional Imbalance Usually related to over or under consumption Cachexia –Ill, thin, wasted appearance

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nutritional Imbalance Alternatives: –Parenteral Administered by injection –Enteral Nutrition through small intestine

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Impaired Immunity Body’s first line of defense: –Skin, mucous membranes, tears, and secretions Protective qualities of immune system: –Leukocytes kill foreign invaders –Body reacts to antigens by producing antibodies

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Impaired Immunity Antigens –Substances that cause harm and set off specific response Antibodies –Also known as immune bodies –Proteins that render antigen harmless

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Impaired Immunity Common ways immune system fails: –Allergy –Autoimmunity –Immunodeficiency

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Aging Degeneration –Disease related to age –Tissue degeneration changes functional activity to lower or lesser level –Body’s ability to repair and replace itself slows down with aging process

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cellular Injury Causes of cellular injury and death: –Hypoxia Not enough oxygen –Anoxia No oxygen –Drug or bacterial toxins –Viruses

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cellular Adaptation Types: –Atrophy Decrease in cell size –Hypertrophy Increase in cell size –Hyperplasia Increase in cell number

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cellular Adaptation Types: –Dysplasia Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cell –Metaplasia Cell changes to another type –Neoplasia Development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth pattern

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Atrophy of a Cell

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypertrophy of a Cell

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hyperplasia of a Cell

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dysplasia of a Cell

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Metaplasia of a Cell

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Neoplasia of a Cell

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cell and Tissue Death Necrosis –Cellular death Ischemia –Decreased blood flow

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cell and Tissue Death Infarct –Area of dead cells Gangrene –Saprophytic bacteria involved in necrotic tissue

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Organism Death Morbidity –State of being diseased Criteria for brain death: –Lack of response to stimuli –Loss of all reflexes –Absence of respirations –Lack of brain activity on electroencephalogram (EEG)