1. The Association Cortex

2. The Neocortex

3. The Association Cortices (Brodmann’s Areas) space,time, motion, planning, decision making, emotional reactivity, memory, recall, etc. HOW DO WE KNOW THIS?????

4. Association Cortices Across Species

5. Basic Properties of the Association Cortex At least 1 primary source of INPUT and OUTPUT from other cortical or sub-cortical brain areas

6. Thalamus: Gateway of Neural Information If you recall…. –vision (hearing) made possible through the travel of neuronal information from the retina (cochlea) to the occipital (temporal) cortex via lateral (medial) geniculate leaflet Pulvinar Nucleus: Parietal Assocation Cortex Lateral Posterior: Temporal Association Cortex Medial Dorsal: Frontal Association Cortex

8. Basic Properties of the Association Cortex Connections to and from the association cortex on vertical (columnar) and horizontal (lateral) axes

9. Spatial Representation of Vertical Inputs to Association Cortex

10. Basic Properties of Association Cortex Cells with similar functions aligned radially (for the most part) Any functionally similar cell groups that are aligned horizontally are done so through interneurons

11. Basic Properties of Association Cortex Contralateral information travels via the corpus callosum or anterior commissure Disruption: Dyslexia

12. Damage to Association Cortices Frontal Parietal Temporal Lesions and Ischemic Damage to these cortices result in neglect or agnosias –Difference: Neglect= “Don’t See It” vs. Agnosia= “See it, but Don’t Know It”

13. Frontal Damage Historical case study of Phineas Gage (1800s) and his new polarizing personality

14. Deficits of Attention, Decision Making, and Gratification Anterior cingulate cortex Neuropathology of ADD, for example Patients perform poorly on Stroop Test

15. Deficits of Attention, Decision Making, and Gratification Orbitofrontal Cortex Neuropathology of OCD and antisocial personality disorder, for example

16. Deficits in Planning Dorsolateral Prefrontal Delayed Response Task is a measure of planning deficiency

17. Delayed Response Task in Monkeys

18. Parietal Damage Contralateral Neglect Syndrome (Visuospatial Deficit of “Not Seeing”)

19. Primarily due to damage of right parietal association cortex

20. Temporal Damage Agnosias (“Seeing, but Not Knowing”) Great leisurely, science reading on these syndromes by Oliver Sacks -The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat - The Island of the Colorblind –Prosopagnosia –Appreceptive –Akinestopsia –Achromatopisa (*hereditary)

21. Prosopagnosia The inability to differentiate and remember faces due to damage of the inferior temporal lobe

23. Appreceptive Agnosia An inability to differentiate and remember objects due to damage of the posterior right hemisphere

24. Akinestopsia An inability to differentiate motion due to damage of the medial temporal cortex (“A Life In Still Frames”)

25. Achromatopsia An inability to differentiate between colors (“A Life in Black and White”) due to a hereditary deficit resulting in improper brain development

26. Deep Brain Stimulation A brain pacemaker Novel treatment strategy for Parkinson’s and associative disorders like OCD, ADD, and depression