1. NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES
America: Past and Present
Chapter 2

2. Breaking Away Rapid social change in seventeenth-century England
English population mobile
Different motives for migration
religious versus economic
personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty

3. The Stuart Monarchs

4. Four Colonial Subcultures
The Chesapeake
New England
Middle Colonies
The Carolinas

5. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English colonies
Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World

6. Entrepreneurs in Virginia
Joint-stock companies provide financing
English stockholders in Virginia Company expect instant profits
Jamestown settled 1607
Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy
Competition from expansive Powhattans
Colonists do not work for common good

7. Chesapeake Colonies, 1640

8. Spinning Out of Control
John Smith imposes order
1609--London Company reorganizes colonial government
“Starving Time” ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers
Conflict with Powhattans
Contributes to “starving time”
1622—natives attempt to drive out English
1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed

9. “Stinking Weed” 1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco
“Headrights” instituted to encourage development of tobacco plantations
Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony
Allows development of huge estates
1618--House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government

10. Time of Reckoning
Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratio
3,570 colonists to Virginia
Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619
Contagious disease kills settlers
1618: Virginia population numbers 700
: 3,000 immigrate
1622: Virginia population numbers 1,240
1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers

11. Corruption and Reform 1624--King James I dissolves London Company
Virginia becomes a royal colony
House of Burgesses continues to meet

12. Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics
Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics
1632--Calvert’s son Cecilius (2nd Lord Baltimore) gains charter to Maryland
Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants

13. Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics (2)
Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America
Common settlers demand greater voice in Maryland government
Protestants refuse to tolerate Catholics
Protestants seize control in 1655
Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters

14. Reforming England in America
Pilgrims
Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, fled
Escape persecution in Holland
1620--Plymouth founded
Plymouth a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent
1691--absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

15. “The Great Migration” Puritans
Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic past
1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal Rule
1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings Company Charter

16. “A City on a Hill” 1630-1640--16,000 immigrated
Settlers usually came as family units
Area generally healthy
Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of the community

17. “A City on a Hill” (2) Puritans establish Congregationalism
a state-supported ecclesiastical system in which each congregation is independently governed by local church members
Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church members
Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes

18. “A City on a Hill” (3) Local, town governments autonomous
Most participated in public life at town level
Townships commercial properties, shares of which could be bought and sold
Village life intensely communal
Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect rights, ensure civil order

19. Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams
An extreme Separatist
Questioned the validity of the colony’s charter
Champions “liberty of conscience”
Williams expelled to Rhode Island, 1636

20. Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson
Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spirit
Believed “converted” persons could live without the Moral Law
Charged that Congregational ministers preached a “covenant of works”
Banished to Rhode Island by General Court

21. Mobility and Division
New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth century
Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusetts
Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker
New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut

22. New England Colonies, 1650

23. Diversity in the Middle Colonies
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware

24. Middle Colonies, 1685

25. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
Location: Hudson River
New Netherlands originally property of Dutch West Indies Company
Population included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, as well as Dutch
1664--English fleet captured colony

26. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson (2)
New York made personal property of James, Duke of York
Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and various islands
Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level
James derived little profit from the colony.

27. Confusion in New Jersey
Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
Settlers refuse to pay rents
grounds: New York governor had promised representative assembly
Berkeley splits colony by selling out to Quaker group

28. Confusion in New Jersey (2)
West Jersey becomes Quakers’ colony
Democratic system of government introduced
Diverse, contentious
Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by the crown in 1702

29. Quakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers
“Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”
Members call sect “Society of Friends”

30. Quaker Belief and Practice
Founder: George Fox ( )
Believed in “Inner Light”
Rejected idea of original sin, predestination
Each may communicate directly with God
Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light
Persecuted as dangerous anarchists

31. Penn's "Holy Experiment"
Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends
Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania
"Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker principles
Promotes religious toleration
Protects rights of property-less

32. Settling Pennsylvania
Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany
Quaker population racked by contention
Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s ideals
1701--Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delaware

33. Planting the Carolinas
Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake
Diversity of settlers, environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake

34. Proprietors of the Carolinas
Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty
Tried to recruit settlers from established American colonies
they were not easily persuaded
Few inhabitants in first years

35. The Barbadian Connection
Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages settlement by planters from Barbados
Barbadians settle around Charleston
“Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” drawn up by John Locke
Barbadians reject Fundamental Constitutions for greater self-government
French Huguenot settlers oppose
1729--Strife prompts Crown to take over, divide Carolina

36. Founding of Georgia Georgia founded in 1732
Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida
Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England
By 1751 a small slave colony

37. The Carolinas and Georgia

39. Living with Diversity All colonies faced early struggle to survive
Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period
Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct people