1. Marc P. Hayes Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Amphibians and Forested Wetlands

2. Forested Wetland Amphibians NO PNW amphibian studies have focused specifically on forested wetlands MAJOR DATA GAP: Amphibian species richness and relative abundance among forested wetland categories virtually unknown

3. Why the Data Gap? Wetland studies exist, BUT Estuarine and stillwater emphasis Foci - Open (non-forested) habitats: estuaries saline; most easily sampled habitat in freshwaters Biases: Amphibians rare in bogs Ignorance of selected wetland types (e.g., sloping fens)

4. Truth? Amphibians and Forested Wetlands Diverse in PNW

5. Amphibian Diversity Based in part on use of reproductive habitat: Flowing water  Ian Britton Uplands  Alfred University or Stillwater  National Park Service

6. Reproduction ONLY Part of Story Reproductive Habitat Active-Season Habitat Overwintering Habitat

7. Forested Wetland Amphibians 19 (76%) amphibian species in Washington have a high likelihood of using forested wetland habitat for at least one of their life stages

8. Forested Wetland Amphibians All 7 FFR amphibians in Washington have been documented using forested wetland habitat for at least one of their life stages

9. FWFFR Amphibian Species Richness FW/FFR Amphibian Species Richness 13/3 14/4 14/3 11/3 10/1 1/01/0 2/02/0 2/12/1

10. Amphibian Abundance and Survival Hydrology Geology Light/HeatNutrients Organic Matter VegetationClimate Substrat e Forest Management Physical Habitat Features Nutrient Availability Biological Production Forest Wetland Systems

11. Potential Changes in Forested Wetlands Watered area or hydroperiod Succession Organic storage or nutrient inputs Exotic biota Other possibilities Leads to changes in amphibian abundance or species richness?

12. Seep Area and Torrent or Seep Salamander Density

13. Consequence of Watered Area or Hydroperiod Changes Decreases in watered areas may reduce: available habitat (temporary?) number of habitat units (local extirpation?) Increases in watered areas may: increase available habitat reduce distinguishable habitat unit Decreases in hydroperiod may: eliminate longer-hydroperiod requiring species alter refuge habitat quality for some species Increases in hydroperiod may: add longer-hydroperiod requiring species increase accessibility of fish and exotics

14. Consequence of Successional Changes Increased shading of stillwater forested wetlands (i.e., bogs and fens) may reduce diversity of stillwater-breeding amphibians. Decrease shading may do the reverse assuming all else is equal Increased shading of flowing water forested wetlands may reduce the relatively abundance of grazing amphibian Decrease shading of flowing water forested wetlands may do the reverse assuming all else is equal

15. Consequence of Organic Storage or Nutrient Changes Increased nutrient loading may accelerate succession in bogs or fens, which could alter the diversity stillwater-breeding amphibians If a bog was pH limited (3.8 or below), such loading may at least initially increase stillwater- breeding amphibians diversity. If a bog was not pH limited, such loading may decrease the stillwater amphibian diversity. Increased woody debris/slash may favor stillwater- breeding amphibians that use such for reproduction or refuge

16.  W. P. Leonard H. Welsh Life History: Larvae: grazers in flowing water Juveniles and adults: insectivorous, can use aquatic or terrestrial habitats Adults reproduce in moderate to high flow habitats Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus) 2 Species in Washington All FFR Species

17. Tailed Frogs: Habitat Picture Reproduction: Streams Active-Season: ?????? Overwintering: ??????

18.  W. P. Leonard Torrent or Seep Salamanders (Rhyacotriton) 3 Species in Washington All FFR Species Life History: Larvae, Juveniles and Adults: insectivorous, use wet or saturated habitats Reproduction in low flow habitats

19. Torrent or Seep Salamanders: Habitat Picture Reproduction: Seeps?? Streams?? Active-Season: Seeps, Springs and Streams Overwintering: ??????

20.  W. P. Leonard Lungless Salamanders Lungless Salamanders Van Dyke’s Salamander (Plethodon vandykei) (Plethodon vandykei) FFR Species Life History: Juveniles and Adults: insectivorous, use saturated or dripping wet habitats No larval stage (direct development), reproduction in moist terrestrial site; female parental care

21. Van Dyke’s Salamander: Habitat Picture Reproduction: Moist LWD?? or Talus?? Active-Season: Highly Wetted Sites?? Overwintering: ??????

22.  Matthew G. Hunter Life History: Juveniles and Adults: insectivorous, use moist stream margin habitats No larval stage (direct development), reproduction in moist terrestrial site; female parental care Lungless Salamanders: Lungless Salamanders: Dunn’s Salamander (Plethodon dunni) (Plethodon dunni) FFR Species

23. Dunn’s Salamander: Habitat Picture Reproduction: Moist LWD?? or Talus?? Active-Season: Highly Wetted Sites?? Overwintering: ??????

24. Life History: Larvae, Juveniles and Adults: insectivorous Larvae: streams Juveniles and Adults: moist terrestrial habitats Reproduction: streams; female parental care Giant Salamanders (Dicamptodon) (Dicamptodon) 2 Non-FFR Species  W. P. Leonard Cope’s Giant Salamander Coastal Giant Salamander

25. Other Lungless Salamanders 3 Non-FFR Species Life History: Juveniles and Adults: insectivorous, use moist terrestrial habitats No larval stage (direct development), reproduction in moist terrestrial site; female parental care  W. P. Leonard Western Red-backed Salamander Ensatina Larch Mt. Salamander

26. Ranid or True Frogs (Rana) 2 Non-FFR Species Life History: Larvae: pond grazers Juveniles/Adults: insectivorous-carnivorous Larvae: ponds Juveniles and Adults: moist terrestrial or aquatic habitats Reproduction: open stillwater habitats  W. P. Leonard Northern Red-legged Frog Cascades Frog

27. Life History: Larvae: pond grazers Juveniles/Adults: insectivorous-carnivorous Larvae: ponds Juveniles and Adults: moist terrestrial habitats Reproduction: open stillwater habitats Other Frogs and Toads 2 Non-FFR Species Pacific Treefrog or Chorus Frog Western Toad

28. Life History: Larvae/Juveniles/Adults: insectivorous-carnivorous Larvae: ponds Juveniles and Adults: moist terrestrial habitats Reproduction: stillwater habitats 3 Non-FFR Species Other Salamanders  R. B. Forbes Long-toed Salamander Northwestern Salamander Rough-skinned Newt

29. Key Needs Life-stage specific diversity of amphibians across forested wetlands types needs to be understood. For FFR amphibian taxa, the biggest gaps in potential significant use of forested wetlands is as active-season or overwintering habitat Selected potentially high sensitivity forested wetlands categories (e.g., sloping fens) need study to address their importance to selected FFR species (e.g., Van Dyke’s salamander).