1. Chapter 4

2. Do Now (5 mins) Fingerprints are found at a crime scene. What type(s) of evidence are fingerprints? Why?

3. Chapter 4 Fingerprints a)Physical evidence b)Trace evidence Why trace?

4. Chapter 4 Fingerprint Principles (3) According to criminal investigators, fingerprints follow 3 fundamental principles:

5. Chapter 4 Fingerprint Principles (3) 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern.

6. Chapter 4 Fingerprint Principles (3) 2. A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases.

7. Chapter 4 Fingerprint Principles (3) 3. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

8. Chapter 4 Ridges – unique patterns of lines in fingerprints

9. Chapter 4 Video #1, Video #2

10. Chapter 4 On Your Own… After watching the two videos, explain the following statement: “Immigrants in Lawrence, MA have frequently and unsuccessfully attempted to alter their fingerprints.” a)Why would it be so common? b)Why is it so often unsuccessful?

11. Chapter 4 Do Now (5 mins) Can your fingerprints be duplicated? Can your fingerprints be removed? Explain why/why not.

12. Chapter 4 8 th Grade Forensic Science A Closer Look at Fingerprints Image from ftp://sequoyah.nist.gov/pub/nist_internal_reports/ir_6534.pdf T. Trimpe 2007 http://sciencespot.net/

13. Chapter 4 Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification. 1

14. Chapter 4 Fingerprints: made of a series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger. Are unique because of.. a) pattern of ridges and valleys b) minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes.

15. Chapter 4 minutiae are major features of a fingerprint

16. Chapter 4 Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/CrimeLab/images/fingerrint%20comparison%20for%20afis.jpg a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies.

17. Chapter 416 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

18. Chapter 4 1 – Blow up your balloon about halfway and twist the end to keep the air from coming out. Do not tie it off! 2 – Use an ink pad to make a print with all of your fingers and label each one with a permanent marker. Write your name on the balloon as well. 3 – Blow up the balloon to full size and tie the end. 4 – Analyze the fingerprints to find several ridge structures that we have discussed. Use a highlighter to mark these structures on your “My Prints” worksheet. Try It! Think About It! Which ridge structures were most common in your fingerprints? Which ridge structures were most common in your group? Were there any structures that were not found in any of the fingerprints? Balloon Fingerprint Activity: http://www.msichicago.org/fileadmin/Education/learninglabs/lab_downloads/fingerprint_analysis.pdf

19. Chapter 4 Balloon Prints After putting your print on a balloon, blow up the balloon. Describe 3 structures in your fingerprint that stand out.

20. Chapter 4 Do Now (5 mins) How is a ridge different from a valley? Name THREE things that make your fingerprint unique

21. Chapter 4 Ridge Characteristics Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

22. Chapter 4 http://cnx.org/content/m12574/latest/properties.jpg Ridge Characteristics Crossover Core Bifurcation (fork) Ridge ending Island Delta Pore Sca r

23. Chapter 4 Two bifurcations One trifurcation One eye One island (dot) TWO deltas

24. Chapter 4 http://www.dkfz.de/tbi/projects/bmcv/images/iu_it246_04s_fingerprint1.jpg How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint?

25. Chapter 4 Do Now (5 mins) Describe the difference between a delta and a bifurcation.

26. Chapter 4 Do Now (5 mins) Without looking back at notes, draw the following: -Bifurcation -Trifurcation -Island (Dot) -Eye

27. Chapter 4 Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket Double loop Accidentical

28. Chapter 427 Loop  A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta.  Types  Radial—opens toward the thumb  Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger)  Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand?

29. Chapter 4 Loops - one delta - one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Delta Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone. Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone.

30. Chapter 4 Whorls -form a complete circuit - have at least two deltas. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl

31. Chapter 4 Whorls – Part 2 Accidental Whorl Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories. Double Loop Whorl Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Delta

32. Chapter 4 Arches -simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges - No deltas are present. Plain Arch Tented Arches Spike or “tent”

33. Chapter 432 Arch An arch has ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. - NO DELTAS! Types: Plain Tented

34. Chapter 4 Arch LoopWhorl

35. Chapter 4 Fingerprint Factoid -60% of people have loops -35% have whorls -5% have arches

36. Chapter 4 Fill in the following table… ArchLoopWhorl Draw how it looks. # of deltas present Different types of it How common?

37. Chapter 4 Identify each fingerprint pattern.

38. Chapter 4 Identify each fingerprint pattern.

39. Chapter 4 Identify each fingerprint pattern. Right Hand

40. Chapter 4 Do Now (5 mins) Next slide

41. Chapter 4 Identify each fingerprint pattern.

42. Chapter 4 Identify each fingerprint pattern.

43. Chapter 4 It’s time to make some prints! Avoid Partial Prints GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

44. Chapter 4 Directions 1 st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard! 2 nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint. 3 rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the “My Prints” worksheet. 4 th –Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.

45. Do Now (5 mins)  Why do we leave fingerprints?  Example) smudges on your cell phone

46. Answer:  Because our hands naturally produces oils  These are called secretions

47. Why Do We Have Fingerprints?

48. Most secretions come from three glands:  1. Eccrine—largely water with both inorganic and organic compounds  Most important for fingerprints.

49.  2. Apocrine—secrete pheromones and other organic materials. Most secretions come from three glands:

50.  3. Sebaceous—secrete fatty or greasy substances.

51. The THREE types of fingerprints are…  1. Loop  2. Arch  3. Whorl

52. Types of fingerprints  Whorl, loop, and arch represent types of fingerprint patterns  TYPES of fingerprints demonstrates how prints are left behind

53. Types of fingerprints  1. Exemplar prints  2. Latent prints  3. Patent prints  4. Plastic prints

54. With a partner…  Using a BLUE Forensic Science book, define the 4 types of fingerprints

55. Exemplar prints -fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject -for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense -Happens during an arrest or during an FBI background check

56. Exemplar Print

57. Latent prints - hidden or invisible - usually left accidentally -less clarity and content

58. Latent prints

59. Patent prints - friction ridge impressions which are observable -obvious examples would be impressions from flour and dirt - are photographed - can be left on a surface by materials such as ink, dirt, or blood.

60. Patent prints

61. Plastic prints -friction ridge impression left in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail. -Example: criminal leaves his print in a piece of clay -Frequently seen in things like moulding and window frames

62. Plastic prints

63. Do Now ( 5 mins)  What kind of fingerprint is a fingerprint left in bubble gum? WHY?  What kind of fingerprint is left if you touch a table with clean hands? WHY?  What kind of fingerprint is left if your hands are covered in dirt? WHY?

64. A good fingerprint… -square -no smudging -visible ridges

65. Practice the process… 1.Have partner touch your thumb to the ink pad 2.Have partner place your thumb on it’s SIDE (on the nail) on the index card 3.Have partner roll your thumb “nail to nail” 4.If it’s your RIGHT hand…roll thumb LEFT to RIGHT 5.If it’s your LEFT hand…roll thumb RIGHT to LEFT

66. Practice the process…  Try each side of the index card a few times  Before moving on, Mr. Smith must verify that your fingerprint is good enough

67. On Your Own…  Get a “Fingerprint Identification Card” and take a print of each finger on your hand  Each print should have visible ridges, and should be rolled in the appropriate direction  This is due at the end of class!

68. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 67 Type 1:Latent Prints  not visible to the naked eye.  secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible.

69. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 68 Developing Latent Prints  Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions that cause the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print.  Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background.  Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction.

70. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 69 Developing Latent Prints  Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color.  Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light.  Cyanoacrylate—“super glue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken.

71. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 70 Iodine Fingerprint

72. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 71 Ninhydrin Fingerprint

73. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 72 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints

74. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 73 Other Prints  Ears—shape, length and width  Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph  Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot  Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern.

75. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 74 Other Prints Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects.

76. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 75 Other Prints Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.

77. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 76 Other Prints Lips—display several common patterns  Short vertical lines  Short horizontal lines  Crosshatching  Branching grooves

78. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 77 Other Prints Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

79. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 78 Other Prints The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.

80. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 79 AFIS  The Automated Fingerprint Identification System - a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints  Began in the early 1970’s to:  Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual  Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene  By the 1990’s most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem - a person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS but not in others  IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification system which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country

81. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 80 Biometrics  Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.)  Used today in conjunction with AFIS  Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry  Other functions for biometrics—can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud.

82. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 81 More about Prints For additional information about prints and crime, check out Court TV’s Crime Library www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/fin gerprints/1.html

83. Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 82