1. Fingerprinting (Saferstein- Video Jug) (new techniques-CBS)
Chapter 6
Fingerprinting (Saferstein- Video Jug) (new techniques-CBS)

3. History of Fingerprinting
William Herschel
-1st official use of fingerprints
required natives of India to affix their print to contract

4. 1880- Dr. Henry Faulds
-1st to publish article suggesting ridge patterns could be used for identification

5. 1882- Gilbert Thompson
-1st to use fingerprints in the US
-added his print to US Geological Survey document
1883- Alphonse Bertillon
-introduces anthropometry
-use of body measurements to ID person

6. (1903- Will West / William West case is noted as the demise of the Bertillon Method of Identification. Two men, not brothers, had the exact same measurements but different fingerprints. This incident happened at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas. )

8.                   
Will West's Bertillon Measurements ; 187.0; 91.2; 19.7; 15.8; 14.8; 6.6; 28.2; 12.3; 9.7

9. William West's Bertillon Measurements 177. 5; 188. 0; 91. 3; 19. 8; 15

10. 1891- Dr. Juan Vucetich
-devised classification system still used today in Spanish speaking countries
1st 10 print card

11. 1892- Francis Galton
-published Fingerprints
-discusses pattern types, uniqueness & permanence of prints
-devised 1st classification system

12. 1897- Edward Richard Henry
-proposed classification system adopted by most English speaking countries

13. 1902- US 1st used fingerprints for NY Civil Service Commission applicants
-1st time fingerprints used for ID of criminals in England

14. 1904- US penitentiary in Kansas & St. Louis police dept
1904- US penitentiary in Kansas & St. Louis police dept. establish fingerprint bureaus
1924 – Identification Division of FBI established (national repository and clearinghouse)
1933- Latent fingerprint section of FBI established

15. 1973- 1st phase of automated system
IAFIS- Integrated automated fingerprint identification system (now used) , also called AFIS

16. Now-
-over 250 million sets of prints on file on cards (enough for 133 stacks the height of Empire State building)
-over 55 million prints in the computerized automated system
-FBI gets prints/day, 7 days/wk

17. Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting
1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics

18. Ridge Characteristics (aka
Ridge Characteristics (aka. Minutiae) ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, crossings, islands, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints in order for their common origin to be established
Individuality is established by comparing identity, number and location of ridge characteristics

19. -there are more than 150 individual ridge characteristics on each fingerprint (need 8-16 points of comparison to establish individuality)

21. 1-island
2-bifurcation
3-dot
4-ending ridge
5-bifurcation
6-island
7&8-bifurcation
9-ending ridge
10-island

23. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individuals lifetime.
-can’t change a print, scars leave another link for comparison
Ex. Dillinger- Acid soaked- still make out 14 pts. of comparison (p. 139 )

24. Skin Structure

25. Dermal papillae 1-2 mm beneath the skin surface
Determines the ridge pattern (developed as fetus-unchanged through life)- start developing 2-3 months as fetus- fully developed by 6 months

26. Latent Prints
Made by deposit of oils and/or perspiration from sweat glands on surface (invisible to naked eye)

29. 3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified

30. Loops
60-65 %
Ridge lines that enter from one side of the pattern and curve around & exit same side, one delta
Ulnar loop- opens toward little finger
Radial loop- opens toward thumb

32. Whorls
30-35%
Ridge lines are rounded or circular in shape, have 2 deltas
Types: plain, central pocket loop, double loop, accidental

33.               
Plain
Central Pocket
Double Loop
Accidental

34. Arches 5%
Ridge lines that enter the print from one side and flow out the other side, no deltas
Types- plain or tented

35. Tented arch
Plain arch

36. Classification of Fingerprints Henry Primary (FBI) Classification
Converts ridge patterns into a series of numbers arranged in a form of a fraction
Look for the presence of a whorl, if a finger is a whorl substitute the numbers for the terms of the fingers in the formula

37. Henry Formula:
RI + RR + LT + LM + LL +1
RT + RM + RL + LI + LR +1

38. Ex. Whorl on Right Ring, right thumb
9/17

39. What is a 17/9?
Whorls on Right index, right middle

40. What is a 21/5?
Whorls on right index, left thumb and right little

41. Mythbusters: Fingerprint
Fingerprint Analysis
Cartridge Cases

42. Automated Fingerprint Identification System
AFIS
Uses automatic scanning devices that convert the image of the fingerprint into digital minutiae that contains data showing ridges & branches
Can search set of 10 prints against 500,000 “10-print” cards in 8/10 sec.
Video

43. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints
Types of Crime Scene Fingerprints:
Visible- made when a finger deposits a visible material – such as dirt, blood
Plastic – fingerprint impressed on a soft surface (wax, gum)
Latent – transfer of body perspiration or oils
(visualizing latent prints depends on the surface they are found on)

44. Methods of Detecting Latent Prints:
Powders (hard. Non absorbent surface)
Chemicals:
Iodine (porous)
Ninhydrin (reacts w amino acids)-porous
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)- sweat/salts-porous
Cyanoacrylate ester (super glue)- non- porous

45. Laser
(Once visualized prints are photographed or bagged if small or lifted if immovable)