1. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Sritrusta Sukaridhoto, Yoshifumi Sasaki, Koichi Ito and Takafumi Aoki

2. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Introduction Ubiquitous environment Electronics equipment in our surrounding （ equipped with embedded CPU ） Connected by network http://www.kayoo.org/home/mext/joho-kiki/ http://bsc.jp.yamatake.com/pro ducts/secu_ftouchm.html Network Navigation System Mobiles Home Automation Embed ded CPU Distributed cooperation / parallel processing Embed ded CPU Embed ded CPU

3. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Introduction Development Prototyping Environment Embedded CPUs Ubiquitous Distributed / Parallel Computing Ubiquitous Computing Cluster (UCC) Low Cost

4. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Contents Introduction Cluster Computer Structures Implementations Performance Evaluations Application: Fingerprint Verifications Conclusions and Future Plans

5. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Cluster Computer Structures HUB Terminal 100Mbps LAN Connections Node#3 Node#2 Node#1 Node#0 Embedded Devices Power consumption: 60W (TYP) Ubiquitous Computing Cluster Hardware

6. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Cluster Computer Structures Specification of Calculation Node Embedded Network Attached Storage (NAS) Include: Embedded CPU （ SH4 ）， memory ， USB I/F ， network I/F ， HDD. Able to act as network computer Logically have function as general computer ． Small space, low power consumption CPUSH4 (SH7751R, 266MHz) Memory64MB SDRAM HDD120GB, ATA133, 5400rpm NIC10/100 BASE-T (RTL-8139C+) I/FUSB 2.0×2port Power 14W(TYP)

7. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Cluster Computer Structures Ubiquitous Computing Cluster Software Operating System Debian GNU Linux 2.4.21 for SH4 Stable inter-processor communication Compact kernel and daemons Servers and daemons Inter-processor communication （ rsh, rexec, rcp ） login （ telnet ）， file transfer （ FTP ） Network File sharing （ NFS ）， Network Information Services (NIS) Development environment compiler (GNU gcc-3.0.4, g++, Fortran77) editor (GNU Emacs, vi) Parallel process interface (MPI, PVM)

8. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Cluster Computer Structures How it works ??? UCC Node#3 HUB Node#2Node#1Node#0 Inter-process communication (rsh ） Login, File Transfer （ telnet, FTP ） Terminal Node#0 is also working as administrator server (NIS, NFS ） 100Mbps Fast Ethernet

9. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Cluster Computer Structures Computing node is embedded CPU Suitable for prototyping the next generation computer Using COTS product Low cost system Using Linux as Operating System A stable inter-processor communication Open Source COTS: Commercial Off-The-Shelf Embedded Devices UCC Node#3 HUB Node#2 Node#1 Terminal 100Mbps Fast Ethernet Node#0

10. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Features Size ： 390mm×280mm×150mm ， Power Consumption ： 60W(TYP)

11. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Implementation UCC Node#3 HUB Node#2Node#1 Terminal Node#0 Login to Node#0 Write a parallel program: hello.c #include "mpi.h" #include void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int numprocs, prognum; /* Initialize MPI */ MPI_Init(&argc, &argv); MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &procnum); MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &numprocs); printf ("Hello world! from %d of %d", procnum, numprocs); MPI_Finalize(); return; } Compile: mpicc –o hello hello.c Run: mpirun –np 4 hello Hello world! from 0 of 4Hello world! from 1 of 4Hello world! from 2 of 4Hello world! from 3 of 4

12. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Advance Application USB port  connect to another devices (Fingerprint sensor, USB-Audio, Camera, etc) Fingerprint Verification System Speech / Voice Recognition System Image Processing System

13. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Performance Evaluations Pallas MPI Benchmark (PMB)* :Performance evaluations for MPI communication Ping-Pong measuring delay time when transferring data between 2 processors Broadcast measuring the biggest delay time when transferring from node#0 to the other nodes. *http://www.pallas.com/e/products/pmb/

14. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Performance Evaluations (cont.) ping-pong communication test The biggest transfer ability is 70 Mbps It gives enough performance using 100 Mbps ethernet

15. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Performance Evaluations (cont.) Communication broadcast test The biggest broadcast communication ability is around 36Mbps It gives enough performance using ordinary HUB

16. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Application: Fingerprint Verifications Distributed processing for verifying the fingerprint in a database. Fingerprint matching algorithm→ POC Node#3Node#2Node#1Node#0 Fingerprint Sensor Fingerprint matching in each node using POC Registered Fingerprint Input Fingerprint

17. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs What is Phase-Only Correlation (POC) ? correlation using only image phase component according to similarity degree of the image, sharp peak produced Algorithm based on signal processing Standard image Input image ２ DFT amplitude Example of Phase-Only Correlation Input image 1 DFT phase correlation phase amplitude

18. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Fingerprint Matching Algorithm Using POC Function 128×128 FFT phasing Registered fingerprint （ phase ） × IFFT Peak extraction Peak comparison #Node 0 Fingerprint image Check result × IFFT Peak extraction #Node 3 Registered fingerprint （ phase ） × IFFT Peak extraction #Node 2 Registered fingerprint （ phase ） × IFFT Peak extraction #Node 1 Registered fingerprint （ phase ）

19. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Fingerprint Verification Performance Evaluation The number of computing nodes: 1, 2, or 4 (can be changed ） The number of registered finger print: 12 (3 images per node ） Evaluation of the matching time on input fingerprint and registered fingerprint Registered finger print Node #0 Node #1 Node #2 Node #3 Image from sensor

20. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Result Processing time: less than 2 seconds with 4 nodes. Enough performance with embedded CPUs

21. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Conclusion Development of a Ubiquitous Computing Cluster with embedded CPUs World smallest cluster computer in size, power consumption and cost Suitable for prototyping the next generation ubiquitous application Application: Fingerprint verification performance evaluation shows satisfactory result UCC is capable for advance applications

22. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Future Plans Ubiquitous Computing Cluster Fingerprint verification Computer vision Voice/Speech recognition Next Generation Ubiquitous Application Cipher Fault tolerant system Image tracking Redundant Server system RFID certification Robot System Face recognition

23. Development of a Compact Cluster with Embedded CPUs Thank you