1. Molecular Tools for Aiding and Breeding of Aquaculture Species Masters in Aquaculture and Fisheries Genetic and Selection 2014 Tamara Moedas nº 47853; Catarina Ferreira nº 35671

2. Molecular Tools Allozyme markers; Mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA); Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD); Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP); Microsatellite markers; Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); Expressed sequence tags (ESTs).

3. Allozyme Markers

4. Advantages: o Low cost; o the rapid technique; o Ease to use; o Usually used in fishery genetics. Disadvantages: o Heterozygote deficiencies due to null alleles; o Limited number of available allozyme loci precludes their use in large-scale genome mapping; o Changes in DNA sequence reduce the level of detectable variation o Are not selectively neutral.

5. Mitochondrial DNA Markers

6. Advantages: o High levels of polymorphism; o It evolves much faster than coding regions of DNA; o Multiple copies in each cell. Disadvantages: o Back mutation; o Parallel substitution; o Rate heterogeneity or mutational hot spots.

7. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

8. Advantage: o Codominant markers. Disadvantages: o Low level of polymorphism; o Low power in revealing genetic variation; o Difficult and time- consuming to develop markers in species lacking molecular information.

9. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers (RAPD)

10. Advantages: o High levels of polymorphisms; o Allows the simultaneous analysis of many loci; o Markers are inherited in dominant fashion. Disadvantage: o Special equipment.

11. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)

12. Advantages: o Analysis many loci simultaneously; o Revealed polymorphisms; o Inherited as dominant markers; o High reproducibility. Disadvantage: o Special equipment.

13. Microsatellite markers

14. Advantages: o Hight Abundant in all species; o Distributed in the genome on all chromosomes; o Loci are small; o Polymorphic; o Codominant markers. Disadvantage: o Hight expensive.

15. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

16. Advantages: o Most abundant polymorphism in organism; o Reveal hidden polymorphism; o Co-dominant markers. Disadvantages: o Requires specialized equipment; o Large-scale analysis, depends on the availability of expensive, cutting-edge equipment.

17. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)

18. Advantages: o Identify genes and analyze their expression by expression profiling; o Rapid and at genes expressed in specific tissue types; o Development of cDNA microarrays; o Great value in genome mapping. o Disadvantage: o Identification of polymorphic ESTs is necessary for genome mapping.

19. Conclusions Markers Linking Mapping Population Studies Maternal Linkage Hybrid Identific -ation Physical Mapping Comparati- ve Mapping Polymorph -ism Allozyme Markers LOW mtDNA RFLPLOW RAPD INTERMEDI ATE AFLPHIGH Microsat -ellites markers HIGH SNPHIGH EST’sLOW

20. Biblography Liu, Z. J., Cordes, J. F., 2004. “DNA marker technologies and their applications in aquaculture genetics”. Aquaculture 238, pp. 1-37; Magoulas, A.. “Application of molecular markers to aquaculture and broodstock management with special emphasis on microsatellite DNA”. CIHEM-Options Mediterraneennes, pp. 153- 168; Chauhan,T., Rajiv, K.,2010. “Molecular markers and their applications in fisheries and aquaculture”. University of Delhi, Delhi, India.