1. A WORLD OF EMPIRES 1450-1750 CE

2. Six Things to Remember Americas included in world trade for the first time Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology continued Populations in transition New social structures based on race and gender Traditional beliefs threatened in Europe but reinforced in China Empires both land-based and cross oceanic

3. The Bookends 1450—Beginning of European Atlantic empires 1450—Beginning of global trade 1492—End of Islam in Western Europe 1433—End of Chinese treasure ship expeditions 1750—Beginning of industrialization 1750—Western Hemisphere colonization peaks

4. Americas—1300-1800 Rise of Incas Continued rise of Aztecs Conquest – arrival of Spanish in Western Hemisphere Population impacts: disease, racial intermingling, war Columbian Exchange Colonial societies

5. Inca Empire—1438-1525 Highly centralized government Diverse ethnic groups Extensive irrigation State religion/ancestor cult Rope suspension bridges Metallurgy – copper and bronze No use of wheel Roads for tax, labor, and courier system

6. Aztec Empire—1325-1520 Tenochtitlan “Foundation of Heaven” By 1519, metropolis of 150,000 5 square miles Island location Tribute empire based on agriculture State control of market – redistributes all goods

7. Changes in Trade, Technology and Global Interactions Exploration God, Glory, and Gold? Commodities Cartography Empire Building

8. Age of Exploration European exploration Why then? Why? Who and where? End of Ming Treasure / Tribute Voyages Zheng He

9. Commodities

10. African slave trade Notice the primary destinations

11. Commodities Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then later in Europe and Americas European used chocolate technology from Aztecs in 17 th Century

12. Cartographic Changes

13. Empire Building How do empires rise and expand? What factors at this time will help empires maintain themselves and expand their borders? Consider the impact and nature of interaction with others…

14. Africa Characteristics: Stateless societies-organized around kinship, often larger than states Large centralized states Increased unity came from linguistic base–Bantu, Christianity and Islam, as well as indigenous beliefs Trade–markets, international commerce, taxed trade of unprocessed goods

15. African Empires Oyo Benin Kongo Asante

16. Songhay—1340-1591 Initially farmers, herders, and fishers Foreign merchant community in Gao (gold) Powerful cavalry forces, expansive empire (1492) Fusion of Islamic and indigenous traditions

17. Ming China—1368-1644 Mongols are gone—similar to Russia Became more traditional not like Russia Naval expeditions then isolationist $ wasn’t worth it Nomads were bigger threat Collected tribute Cash crops, like cotton

18. Qing China—1644-1911 Pastoral nomads, Manchus, from north Manchus had highest positions Kept civil-service exams for promotion Traded with Europeans at off mainland islands and closely supervised at Canton Missionaries expelled Patriarchal Expanded tribute colonies—Taiwan, Mongolia, Tibet, Vietnam, Burma & Nepal

19. Tokugawa Japan—1600-1853 Cultural borrowing from China Emergence of warrior class and increasing civil wars Encounter with Portuguese-1543 “Isolation” from West; rise of Tokugawas Tokugawa elite followed development in West

20. Rise of Gunpowder Empires  Political developments loom larger this period  Sea-based: Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English  Land-based: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal  These are major empires/political units/social system

21. Ottoman—1281-1914 1350’s – Initial Ottoman invasion of Europe 1453 – Ottoman capture of Constantinople 1683 – Ottoman siege of Vienna

22. Safavid Persia—1334-1722 Founded by militant Sufis Broke away from Ottoman Empire, creating schism among Muslims Adopted Shi’a Islam Theocracy

23. Mughal India—1556-1739 Empire based on military strength Akbar the Great–-combined beliefs into new religion to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects: Din-I-Ilahi Indian textile trade–value to Europeans Patron of the arts— Shah Jahan

24. Empires: Russia Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification and development Increasing absolutist rule and territorial expansion by 16 th Century – Ivan the Terrible Role of Russian Orthodox Church Peter the Great accelerated westernization process

25. Portugal Search for maritime route to Asia Naval school Advanced naval technology: caravels, astrolabe and compass

26. Portugal Established fortresses along the Gold Coast – sugar plantations and African slave labor Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama: Malindi, Sofala and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil – sugar plantation

27. Brazil: Plantation colony Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 African slave labor used to support plantation complex (sugar) Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C.

28. Spain Inquisition Reconquista ended with fall of Granada (1492) Columbus’ voyage Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru Took over existing tributary empires: labor, silver, gold, and foodstuffs Demographic impact: disease, death, and mestizos

29. England Limited/constitutional monarchy Tudors Stuarts Civil War Commonwealth Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights Enlightenment ideas Colonies in Americas

30. France Absolute Monarchy King Louis XIV “ I am the State” Versailles Mercantilism Territorial expansion in Europe and colonies in Saint Domingue (Haiti) and New France (Quebec)

31. Dutch Dutch East India Company 1660—employed 12,000 people with 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits North America (fur trade-Hudson River, New Amsterdam) Caribbean islands for plantations Capetown, South Africa – way station Southeast Asia – spice trade (nutmeg, cloves and pepper)

32. Changing Beliefs Reformation Neo-Confucianism Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

33. Cultural and Intellectual Development Renaissance Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

34. Comparisons Be able to compare the following: Imperial systems: European monarchy vs. a land-based Asian empire Coercive labor systems Empire building in Asia, Africa and Europe Russia’s interaction with the West compared to others

35. Conclusions What are the major themes that seem apparent? What global processes are in action?

36. Trade Trade extended through all parts of the world Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes and attempts to control them through choke points- fail Europe uses American raw materials- especially silver-to trade with Asia Columbian Exchange

37. Technology Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a result of the Crusades and experiments by Prince Henry the Navigator Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and cannons

38. Demography Disease killed millions of native Americans Africans were forcibly transported to New World for work in plantation agriculture Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were brought from New World Populations migrated to harsher climates as food crops became available Populations migrated from the Old World to the New World

39. Social and Gender Structures Americas- Castas system Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals) Women in the harems wielded considerable power behind the scenes China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and the Scholar Gentry

40. Cultural and Intellectual Expressions Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the power of the Catholic Church and challenges old beliefs China ends contact with the outside world as neo-Confucianism dominates

41. Structure and Function of State Empire remains predominant political structure Coercive tribute system European states, such as Spain and Portugal but also France, England and the Dutch, perfect overseas empires by claiming territory in Western Hemisphere Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans, and Safavids are powerful land-based empires

42. Trade- Can’t live without it! Global trade is THE thing this time period! Core-periphery theory: Core states are manufacturing states Periphery states provide raw materials Semi-periphery supply both Three core zones: China India West

43. Changes and Continuities Change: The Americas are added to world trade network Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area Continuity: Trade is really important Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to new times, but very important Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases as people come into contact with each other

44. A WORLD OF EMPIRES 1450-1750 CE