1. Spatial-temporal variability in ecosystem processes and water service in the context of climate and land use /cover changes Mei YU and Qiong Gao Dept Environmental Science University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras

3.  Patch  Landscape  Constrained by Regional dynamics From LTER IV

4.  Patch  Landscape  Constrained by Regional dynamics  Climate change  Precipitation, temperature, CO2, atmospheric deposition  Long-term trends as well as seasonality and inter-annual variability  Land use / cover change  Urban sprawl and reforestation

5.  Patch  Landscape  Constrained by Regional dynamics  Climate change  Land use / cover change   What are beyond our research  Interactions between climate and land use / cover changes  Feedbacks from local and landscape processes to regional dynamics

6.  Constrained by Regional dynamics  Patch  Landscape  Patch dynamics – climate changes impacts  Heterogeneity  Connectivity – lateral flows of water of nutrients, seeds, roots

7. Along the elevation gradient  Tabonuco  Colorado, and  Elfin forests  How tropical forests differentiate in their responses to climate changes (trends and variability)? Patch - landscape

8. Soil translocation experiment

10. Patch – Landscape Gao et al. JGR, 2007

11. Patch – Landscape 1991 2000