1. Early
African
Kingdoms
& Empires

2. Pre-Historic Africa

3. North
African
Kingdoms

5. Kingdom of Kush [295 BCE – 320 CE]
Nubia [modern-day Sudan]

6. Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

7. Pyramids of Kush at Meroë

8. Kushite in Egypt, 23 BCE

9. Kingdom of Axum [ ]

10. Stele, Ezana’s Royal Tomb, Aksum (4c)

11. Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia]

12. Christian Church, Lalibela [Ethiopia]
Coptic Christian Priest

13. AXUM’S ACHIEVEMENTS Controlled NE African Built Stelae Trade Written
Language
Terrace
Farming
Spread
Christianity
in No. & E. Africa

14. West African
Empires &
Civilizations

17. Early African Kingdoms 600 CE – 1500’s
Ghana
Mali
Songhay
Benin
Swahili
Great Zimbabwe

18. Trans-Saharan Trade & Islamic States in W. Africa
After 300 CE – camels replaced horses & donkeys as transport
Camels – quicken pace of communication
Islamic merchants crossed desert & established relations

19. Gold-Salt Trade
Berbers
SALT
GOLD

20. Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
Ghana Empire [4c-11c]
Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast

22. Salt

23. Kingdom of Ghana -- Gold-Salt Trade
Most important commercial site in W. Africa
Provided gold, ivory, & slaves for traders from N. Africa
In exchange for salt, horses, cloth, & manufactured goods
Capital = Ghana – thriving commercial center
Ghana kings convert to Islam by 10th cent. – tolerant

24. Mali Empire [13c-15c]
SALT
GOLD

26. Sundiata [ ]
“Lion Prince”

27. Mali Empire Sundiata “Lion Prince” Built Mali Empire
Controlled gold-salt trade (post-Ghana)
Taxed all trade in W. Africa
Caravans linked Mali & N. Africa
Many prosperous cities

28. Mansa Musa [r ]

29. Mansa Musa Greatest king of Mali Sundiata’s grandnephew
Known for pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)– huge caravan
Effects of Hajj (Important)
Strengthened Islam, promoted education, trade & commerce in Mali
Built mosques (Timbuktu, Gao & Djenne)
Sent students to study w/scholars in W. Africa
Estab. Islamic schools
Timbuktu
Commercial & Intellectual center of Mali

30. Mansa Musa – Hajj Stats 100 camel-loads of gold (300 lbs./each)
500 Slaves – each carrying a 4 lb. gold staff
Thousands of his subjects
Senior Wife
500 attendants
He was “making it rain” gold in Egypt & Mecca
SO!! Mansa Musa ran out of $$$$. “He gave out so much gold… it caused its value to fall”

32. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

33. Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque

34. Tuaregs

35. Marketplace near the Niger River

36. Mosque in Gao

37. Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali

38. Distant Mosque at Djenne, Mali

40. European Map

43. Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
SALT
GOLD

45. Sunni Ali [r ]
Songhai take over from Mali (control gold-salt trade)
Muslim leaders
Sunni Ali – ruler of Songhai
Worked to unify, strenghten & enlarge the land (took over Timbuktu & Djenne)
Brought stability & peace to Songhai
Religiously tolerant

46. Askia Mohammed [r ]
Great leader of Songhai Serious Muslim Supported Islamic education (Timbuktu flourished again) Djenne became a center of learning Organized govt. and laws based on Islamic principles Created 1st standing army

47. Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]
Gao, Mali

48. Benin Empire [15c-19c]

49. Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)

50. Benin Bronze Leopard

51. Migrations
Into &
Within
Africa

52. What are some
reasons why
humans
migrate?

53. Bantu
Migrations:
1000 BCE To
500 CE

54. Islamic
Invasions

55. Eastern
City-States

57. African Trade Routes

58. Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa
SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic

59. Arab Dow off the coast of Zanzibar

60. Southern
African
Kingdoms

61. “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
Great Zimbabwe [ ]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”

62. Great Zimbabwe Street

63. Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe

65. Manamotopa Empire [ ]

66. Africa
during the
Age of European
Exploration

67. Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c

68. African Trade [15c-17c]