1. INDIA AND CHINA RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

2. OBJECTIVES WHI.3 Objective: The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including the Indus River, by: Locating the civilization in time and place Describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery Explaining the development of religious traditions Explaining the development of language and writing Essential Questions: Why did Ancient Civilizations develop in river valleys? Where were the earliest civilizations located? When did these civilizations exist? What were the social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations?

3. GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA Indian Subcontinent Modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh Mountains Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya Rivers Indus and Ganges Cover 1, 500 mile area called Indus-Ganges plain Indus river provided access to trade Monsoons Seasonal winds Oct- May: dry winds June- Sept: winds shift, brings rain

4. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Mountains River Valleys Dry Interior Plateau Fertile Coastal Plains

5. INDUS RIVER

6. GANGES RIVER

7. HIMALAYAS

8. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES Floods Indus river floods yearly Deposits silt Unpredictable, river can change course Monsoons Wet/Dry seasons Mountains/ Desert Creates natural boundaries

9. INDUS RIVER PEOPLES Had contact with Mesopotamia Developed own distinctive alphabet and artistic forms

10. CIVILIZATION EMERGES ON INDUS Lack of evidence Haven’t deciphered language yet Many sites have washed away Earliest Arrivals Evidence of agriculture and domestication of animals 7000 B.C.E. 3200 B.C.E. evidence of farming villages

11. MOHENJO-DAROMOHENJO-DARO AND HARAPPA Planned Cities 2500 B.C.E. Sophisticated grid system Featured fortified citadel, Separate residential districts Plumbing/sewage systems, Strong central government Advanced irrigation and large granaries Culture/Trade Little social hierarchy Prosperous society Religion similar to Hinduism Long-distance trade Traded with Akkad (2300 B.C.E.)

12. RULERS AND ECONOMY Divine rule Royal palace and temple were in 1 building Part of citadel, or fortress Farming economy Relied on Indus River flood for silt Grew wheat, barley, peas Trade with Mesopotamia Copper, lumber, precious stones, cotton, luxury goods

13. MOHENJO- DARO

14. ENDEND TO THE INDUS CIVILIZATION 1750 B.C.E. cities declined Theories? River changed course Flooding Over farming Natural disaster Attack Aryans Arrived around same time Nomadic people from Central Asia

15. ARYANS 1500 B.C.E. Nomadic Indo-Europeans From Central Asia - crossed Hindu Kush Conquered Harappans Merged two cultures Excelled at war Used chariot Eventually controlled all of India

16. OBJECTIVES WHI.3 Objective: The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including the Indus River, by: Locating the civilization in time and place Describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery Explaining the development of religious traditions Explaining the development of language and writing Essential Questions: Why did Ancient Civilizations develop in river valleys? Where were the earliest civilizations located? When did these civilizations exist? What were the social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations?

17. RIVER DYNASTIES IN CHINA

18. OBJECTIVES WHI.3 Objective: The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including the Huang He, by: Locating the civilization in time and place Describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery Explaining the development of religious traditions Explaining the development of language and writing Essential Questions: Why did Ancient Civilizations develop in river valleys? Where were the earliest civilizations located? When did these civilizations exist? What were the social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations?

19. MAP OF INDIA AND CHINAINDIACHINA  Label the following:  Oceans  Pacific  Indian  Features  Himalayan Mountains  Gobi Desert  Taklimakan Desert  Civilizations:  Shang  Zhou  Rivers  Indus  Ganges  Huang He (Yellow)  Yangtze  Questions:  What geographic features might have prevented trade between China and the Indus Valley?  What area of China was weak to invasions? What physical features were located there?

20. GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA Long distances and physical barriers separated it from Egypt, the Middle East, and India This isolation led to the belief that China was the center of the earth and sole source of civilization

21. SOUTHEAST JUNGLES

22. GOBI DESERT

23. REGIONS China’s Heartland Huang He (yellow) River and the Yangzi river supported the largest populations

24. XINJIANG, MONGOLIA, AND MANCHURIA Xinjiang and Mongolia are harsh and rugged Mainly nomads and subsistence farmers At times invaders from these regions conquered China Genghis Khan and the Mongols

25. RIVER OF SORROWS Chinese history starts in Huang He valley Called “yellow” river because of the loess that turns the river yellow“yellow” Called “China’s Sorrow” because of the constant flooding

26. FIRST DYNASTIES Peking Man- Homo erectus skeleton discovered near Beijing on the Yellow River, settled 500,000 years ago Myth: 2000 B.C.E. first civilization arose Mythic ancestor of Chinese: P’an Ku A leader named Yu tamed Huang He river No written records Fact organized state rose around 2000 B.C.E. with irrigation of Hwang He river By 1000 B.C.E. Used pottery, Rode horses Used Bronze, Introduced Iron Writing developed Scientific advances Interest in music

27. SHANG DYNASTY 1532 B.C. E. Shang controlled Huang He valley Invaders? Dominated until 1027 B.C.E. Decline due to Invasion Characteristics: First to leave written records constructed impressive tombs and palaces

28. WRITING Oracle bones: animal bones or turtle shells on which priests wrote questions to ancestors or gods’ by interpreting the cracks in the bone, they answers were provided

29. WRITTEN CHINESE Created 4,000 years ago Each character represented a word or and idea Over 10,000 characters Calligraphy was an art form Writing was a unifying force since not everyone spoke the same language.

30. ZHOU DYNASTY 1027 B.C. E. the Zhou overthrew the Shang Lasted until 256 B.C. To justify overthrowing the Shang, the Zhou promoted the idea of Mandate of Heaven, or divine right to rule Explains the dynastic cycle Floods and famine were a sign that the dynasty was out of favor with the gods.

32. FEUDAL STATES Zhou rewarded supporters with land Feudalism: system of government in which local lords governed their own land but owed military service to ruler Eventually feudalism became more powerful than the dynasty

33. ACHIEVEMENTS Iron-making leads to more food production New crops and irrigation systems Commerce expanded, use of money New roads and canals Led to increase in population

34. WARRING STATES PERIOD  771 B.C.E. – nomads sacked the Zhou capital of Hao and murdered the monarch  A few family members escaped and ruled from new capital for 500 years  Powerless, couldn’t control noble families  Warlords claimed to be “kings” of territory  Led to “warring states” period  Warring States  Warfare changed, no longer honorable  Peasants main force on battlefield  New weapons such as a crossbow  Central values changed  No longer order, harmony, and respect for authority…. Now chaos, arrogance and defiance

35. OBJECTIVES WHI.3 Objective: The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including the Huang He, by: Locating the civilization in time and place Describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery Explaining the development of religious traditions Explaining the development of language and writing Essential Questions: Why did Ancient Civilizations develop in river valleys? Where were the earliest civilizations located? When did these civilizations exist? What were the social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations?