2. Using Student Development Theory in Your Everyday Work Dawn Ohanessian, Seton Hall University

3. Learning Outcomes As a result of attending this presentation, attendees will …  Have a greater understanding of Student Development Theories applicable to our work in Residence Life.  Be better able to intentionally apply these theories in their everyday work.

4. STUDENT DEVLOPMENT THEORY JEOPARDY! PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORIES MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT THEORIES MISCELLANEOUS THEORIES FINAL JEOPARDY! $100$100$100$100$100 $200$200 $300 $400 $500 $300 $500 $400 $500$500 $400$400 $300 $200 $300 $200 $400 $200 $300 $500

5. $100 PSYCHOSOCIAL ANSWER THIS IS CHICKERING’S SECOND VECTOR, WHICH A STUDENT WITH AN ANGER ISSUE MAY BE STRUGGLING WITH.

6. $100 PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTION WHAT IS MANAGING EMOTIONS? WHAT IS MANAGING EMOTIONS?

7. $200 PSYCHOSOCIAL ANSWER THIS VECTOR, WHICH MOVED FROM THE 4 TH VECTOR TO THE 5 TH WHEN CHICKERING & REISSER UPDATED THE THEORY, INCLUDES BECOMING COMFORTABLE WITH ONESELF AND DEVELOPING SELF-ESTEEM.

8. $200 PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTION WHAT IS ESTABLISHING IDENTITY? WHAT IS ESTABLISHING IDENTITY?

9. $300 PSYCHOSOCIAL ANSWER THIS IS CHICKERING’S 6 TH VECTOR, WHICH INCLUDES MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT CAREER AND FAMILY.

10. $300 PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTION WHAT IS DEVELOPING PURPOSE? WHAT IS DEVELOPING PURPOSE?

11. $400 PSYCHOSOCIAL ANSWER ALL OF CHICKERING’S VECTORS ARE BASED ON ERIKSON’S 5 TH STAGE, WHICH IS CALLED THIS.

12. $400 PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTION WHAT IS IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION? WHAT IS IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION?

13. $500 PSYCHOSOCIAL ANSWER HER THEORY OF WOMEN’S IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES FOUR IDENTITY GROUPS, INCLUDING FORECLOSURE AND DIFFUSION.

14. $500 PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTION WHO IS RUTHELLEN JOSSELSON? WHO IS RUTHELLEN JOSSELSON?

15. $100 COGNITIVE ANSWER THIS IS PERRY’S FIRST LEVEL OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZED BY BELIEVING THAT ALL QUESTIONS HAVE A RIGHT OR WRONG ANSWER.

16. $100 COGNITIVE QUESTION WHAT IS DUALISM? WHAT IS DUALISM?

17. $200 COGNITIVE ANSWER THIS IS PERRY’S SECOND LEVEL OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT, WHICH IS SEEN IN STUDENTS WHO BELIEVE THAT ALL OPINIONS ARE EQUALLY VALID.

18. $200 COGNITIVE QUESTION WHAT IS MULTIPLICITY? WHAT IS MULTIPLICITY?

19. $300 COGNITIVE ANSWER ONE OF THE MOST NOTABLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BAXTER MAGOLDA AND PERRY’S THEORIES IS THE INCLUSION OF PATTERNS WITHIN EACH STAGE BASED ON THIS.

20. $300 COGNITIVE QUESTION WHAT IS GENDER? WHAT IS GENDER?

21. $400 COGNITIVE ANSWER THIS IS BAXTER MAGOLDA’S FINAL STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZED BY THE ABILITY TO ANALYZE AND APPLY INFORMATION AND RESEARCH AND TO THINK FOR ONESELF.

22. $400 COGNITIVE QUESTION WHAT IS CONTEXTUAL KNOWING? WHAT IS CONTEXTUAL KNOWING?

23. $500 COGNITIVE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOUR THEORISTS WHO DEVELOPED THE “WOMEN’S WAYS OF KNOWING” COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY.

24. $500 COGNITIVE QUESTION WHO ARE BELENKY, CLINCHY, GOLDBERGER, AND TARULE? WHO ARE BELENKY, CLINCHY, GOLDBERGER, AND TARULE?

25. $100 MORAL DEVELOPMENT ANSWER THE FIRST LEVEL OF KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT IS PRECONVENTIONAL, IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS FOLLOW RULES TO AVOID THIS.

26. $100 MORAL DEVELOPMENT QUESTION WHAT IS PUNISHMENT? WHAT IS PUNISHMENT?

27. $200 MORAL DEVELOPMENT ANSWER CAROL GILLIGAN, A STUDENT OF KOHLBERG’S, CHARACTERIZED HIS THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT AS HAVING A “JUSTICE VOICE.” SHE DEVELOPED HER OWN THEORY, WHICH SHE DESCRIBED AS HAVING THIS TYPE OF “VOICE.”

28. $200 MORAL DEVELOPMENT QUESTION WHAT IS A “CARE VOICE?” WHAT IS A “CARE VOICE?”

29. $300 MORAL DEVELOPMENT ANSWER INDIVIDUALS IN KOHLBERG’S 3 RD STAGE ARE CONCERNED WITH LIVING UP TO OTHERS’ EXPECTATIONS, AND CAN ALSO BE DESCRIBED BY THIS TWO WORD PHRASE.

30. $300 MORAL DEVELOPMENT QUESTION WHAT IS THE GOLDEN RULE? WHAT IS THE GOLDEN RULE?

31. $400 MORAL DEVELOPMENT ANSWER GILLIGAN’S THEORY CONSISTS OF THREE STAGES AND TWO TRANSITION PERIODS. DURING THE FIRST TRANSITION PERIOD, INDIVIDUALS MOVE FROM SELFISHNESS TO THIS, INDICATING A SHIFT TO CONSIDERING OTHERS’ NEEDS.

32. $400 MORAL DEVELOPMENT QUESTION WHAT IS RESPONSIBILITY? WHAT IS RESPONSIBILITY?

33. $500 MORAL DEVELOPMENT ANSWER JAMES REST MODIFIED KOHLBERG’S THEORY TO CREATE A MODEL IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL MAY DEMONSTRATE ASPECTS OF MULTIPLE STAGES AT ONE TIME, AS OPPOSED TO KOHLBERG’S THEORY, CALLED THIS, IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL MUST MASTER EACH STAGE BEFORE MOVING ON TO THE NEXT.

34. $500 MORAL DEVELOPMENT QUESTION WHAT IS A HARD STAGE MODEL? WHAT IS A HARD STAGE MODEL?

35. $100 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY ANSWER ONE OF THE FIRST TWO STAGES OF PHINNEY’S MODEL OF ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT, WHICH ARE BASED ON JAMES MARCIA’S IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL.

36. $100 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY QUESTION WHAT ARE DIFFUSION- FORECLOSURE AND MORATORIUM? WHAT ARE DIFFUSION- FORECLOSURE AND MORATORIUM?

37. $200 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY ANSWER IN THE FIRST STAGE OF CASS’ MODEL OF HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY FORMATION, CALLED “IDENTITY __________,” INDIVIDUALS FIRST BECOME AWARE OF HOMOSEXUAL THOUGHTS AND FEEINGS.

38. $200 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY QUESTION WHAT IS IDENTITY CONFUSION? WHAT IS IDENTITY CONFUSION?

39. $300 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY ANSWER THIS IS THE FOURTH STAGE OF CASS’ MODEL OF HOMOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT, DURING WHICH INDIVIDUALS BEGIN TO SEE THE POSITIVE IN THEIR HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY.

40. $300 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY QUESTION WHAT IS IDENTITY ACCEPTANCE? WHAT IS IDENTITY ACCEPTANCE?

41. DAILY DOUBLE

42. $400 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY ANSWER THIS IS THE FINAL STAGE IN PHINNEY’S ETHNIC IDENTITY MODEL, IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP A HEALTHY CULTURAL IDENTITY AND ARE OPEN TO OTHER CULTURES.

43. $400 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY QUESTION WHAT IS IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT? WHAT IS IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT?

44. $500 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY ANSWER HELMS’ IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL EXAMINES THE WAY IN WHICH THIS GROUP OF STUDENTS DEVELOPS THEIR RACIAL IDENTITY.

45. $500 RACIAL & SEXUAL IDENTITY QUESTION WHO ARE WHITE STUDENTS? WHO ARE WHITE STUDENTS?

46. $100 MISCELLANEOUS ANSWER SANFORD’S THEORY FOCUSES ON THE BALANCE OF CHALLENGE AND THIS.

47. $100 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION WHAT IS SUPPORT? WHAT IS SUPPORT?

48. $200 MISCELLANEOUS ANSWER ASTIN’S THEORY OF INVOLVEMENT STATES THAT A STUDENT’S LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT ARE DEPENDANT UPON BOTH THE QUANTITY AND _____________ OF THE STUDENT’S INVOLVEMENT.

49. $200 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION WHAT IS QUALITY? WHAT IS QUALITY?

50. $300 MISCELLANEOUS ANSWER THE FIRST LEVEL OF MASLOW’S HIERARCHY FOCUSES ON THESE NEEDS, INCLUDING FOOD, WATER, AND SHELTER.

51. $300 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION WHAT ARE PHYSIOLOGICAL? WHAT ARE PHYSIOLOGICAL?

52. $400 MISCELLANEOUS ANSWER THE THIRD LEVEL OF MASLOW’S HIERARCHY FOCUSES ON THESE NEEDS, INCLUDING FRIENDSHIP AND INTIMACY.

53. $400 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION WHAT ARE BELONGING NEEDS? WHAT ARE BELONGING NEEDS?

54. $500 MISCELLANEOUS ANSWER ONE OF THE FOUR S’s IN SCHLOSSBERG’S TRANSITION THEORY.

55. $500 MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION WHAT IS SITUATION, SELF, SUPPORT, AND STRATEGIES? WHAT IS SITUATION, SELF, SUPPORT, AND STRATEGIES?

56. FINAL JEOPARDY CATEGORY CHICKERING’S THEORY OF IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT

57. FINAL JEOPARDY ANSWER CHICKERING’S FIRST VECTOR, DEVELOPING COMPETENCE, INVOLVES THESE THREE PRONGS OF COMPETENCE IN WHICH A STUDENT DEVELOPS.

58. FINAL JEOPARDY QUESTION WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL, PHYSICAL, AND INTERPERSONAL?

59. THANK YOU FOR PLAYING!

60. 7 Theories in 7 Words or Less Maslow: Facilities & Dining → Security → Residence Life → Beyond Sanford :Overly Supportive → No Growth Overly Challenging → Withdrawal Chickering: Competence → Emotions → Interdependence → Relationships → Identity → Purpose → Integrity Perry & Baxter Magolda: True/False → Multiple Choice → Essay Kohlberg & Gilligan: All About Me → You → Everyone Racial & Ethnic Identity Development (Phinney, Cross, & Helms): Color Blind → Inner Turmoil → Celebration of Color Sexual Identity Development (Cass): Confusion → Tolerance → Pride → Synthesis

61. Application of Theory – Formal Models Grounded Formal Theory Model 1. Focus on a problem, context, and population. 2. Select useful and useable formal theories. 3. Assess the population based on the theories chosen. 4. Formulate goals. 5. Design the interventions or programs. 6. Evaluate the interventions or programs. Developmental Intervention Model Target of intervention: Individual students or the institution as a whole Type of intervention: Intentional and proactive or responding/reacting to an opportunity or issue Intervention approach: Explicit (direct) or implicit (indirect)

62. Application of Theory – Informal Ask Yourself:  What theories apply in this situation?  Where is this student in developmental terms?  How do these theories help me to better understand this student?  How can I help this student with their growth and development?

63. Application of Theory – Specific Theories Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs  Perhaps the most applicable theory to Residence Life  Helps to prioritize our work and put things in perspective  Helps to understand students’ needs Sanford's Challenge and Support  Most applicable with supervision and working one on one with students  One of the easiest theories to incorporate into everyday work

64. Application of Theory – Specific Theories Chickering's Theory of Identity Development  A general theory for understanding why students do what they do  One of the best known, but perhaps least utilized theories Racial and Sexual Identity Development Theories  Can help you to better understand students who are exploring or struggling with these aspects of their identity

65. Application of Theory – Specific Theories Perry’s Theory of Intellectual Development & Baxter Magolda's Model of Epistemological Reflection  Helpful in understanding individual students  Also helpful in developing student staff training Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development & Gilligan’s Theory of Women’s Moral Development  Particularly helpful with student conduct  Also helpful in ethical training for student staff  Important to remember the gender differences – justice vs. care

66. Let’s Try It Out! Group 1 – You have a student conduct meeting with Adam to discuss an alleged alcohol violation. There is very little evidence in this case, but you believe that Adam is responsible. Adam comes across as very charming, and you strongly believe that he is lying to you throughout the meeting. Group 2 – You supervise Bonnie, a first year RA who is struggling in the position. Bonnie excels in her relationships with her residents and building community, but struggles and is confused when following duty and administrative protocol. Group 3 – While on duty, you respond to a call to help handle a situation with Carl, who is violating Quiet Hours at 4am on a Tuesday morning with very loud music. Carl refuses to listen to staff, and does not understand why he should have to turn his music down. 1.What Student Development Theories apply in this situation? 2.How can you utilize these theories to address this situation?

67. Let’s Try It Out! Group 1 – You advise Hall Council, and the group is struggling to perform. The President, Evan, won the position due to popularity, but doesn’t put the work in to fulfill his duties. He is also dismissive of any ideas that the other members have. Group 2 – A student, Faith, comes to see you about a roommate conflict. She is concerned because her roommate violates policy on a regular basis. She doesn’t feel comfortable talking to her roommate about the issue and wants a room change. Group 3 – You supervise Greg, who believes that he isn’t succeeding in his RA position because you don’t like him and favor other staff members. When you have a concern about him performance, he always has an excuse for whatever the issue is. 1.What Student Development Theories apply in this situation? 2.How can you utilize these theories to address this situation?

68. Final Thoughts There will most likely be theories that you identify more with and use on a more regular basis than others. Everyone uses theory slightly differently; it is simply important that you consciously make an effort to use theory in your everyday work. 

69. Questions? Thoughts?

70. Thank you!