1. NC STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Horticultural Science Clay Amended Pine Bark Decreases Water Use and Phosphorus Loss James Owen Stuart Warren & Ted Bilderback

2. Environmental Concerns? Nutrients Water

3. FERTILIZER SUBSTRATE IRRIGATION The Container System Container

4. Clay Type Structure Source Location Production Size Temperature What Defines Clay Minerals?

5. Clay Type Structure Source Location Production Size Temperature What Defines Clay Minerals?

6. Clay Type Structure Source Location Production Particle Size Temperature

7. Materials & Methods Design 5 Treatments 3 Replications RCBD 24-48 4-20 TREATMENTS 8 PB : 1 Sand 8% Amendment 4-20 Dried 5-20 Calcined 24-48 Dried 24-48 Calcined

8. Materials & Methods Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’ 14 - L Container 17 - 5 - 12 CRF Spray Stakes

9. Materials & Methods DATA Leachate Vol. Daily NO 3, NH 4, P Irrigation Vol. Weekly Dry Weight STATISTICS ANOVA Fisher’s Protected LSD Treatment Contrasts

10. RESULTS - Cumulative Irrigation Applied 8 Pine Bark : 1 Sand 5/20 Dried 4/20 Calcined 24/48 Dried 24/48 Calcined 8 Pine Bark : 1 Sand 5/20 Dried 4/20 Calcined 24/48 Dried 24/48 Calcined 8 Pine Bark : 1 Sand y = 1.83x + 57.82, R 2 = 0.99 5-20Calcined y = 1.64x + 53.13, R 2 = 0.98 24-48Calcined y = 1.49x + 46.01, R 2 = 0.98 4-20Dried (not shown ) 24-48Dried (not shown)

11. RESULTS - Cumulative Phosphorus Loss 8 Pine Bark : 1 Sand 5-20Calcined (not shown) 24-48Calcined 4-20Dried (not shown ) 24-48Dried

12. RESULTS Equal growth of Cotoneaster among all treatments Clay Reduced Water Use –3 to 6 gallons container -1 – ≥ 100,000 gallons growing acre -1 Clay Reduced Nutrient Loss – 28% - 62% phosphorus – 50% ammonium