1. Consolidation Introduction and andTerminology

2. Although consolidation was not the culprit here, this is what happens when there’s differential settlement under a structure This is some crazy bell tower in Italy Oh yeah, and when that structure’s almost 900 years old!

3. So, what is consolidation? gradual volume reduction of saturated clay soil of low permeability change in pressure (load) creates excess pore water pressure water is squeezed out of the soil very slowly due to low permeability settlement occurs over long time periods

4. One-dimensional consolidation simplest case load applied over a small portion of total clay layer area zero lateral strain swelling? opposite of consolidation Gradual volume increase Negative excess pore water pressure

5. Analogy (Craig, Figure 3.2) here’s a spring (soil skeleton) housed in a sealed chamber filled with water the valve in the seal is closed an extra load (pressure) is applied to the seal the water takes on this extra pressure, the spring (soil skelton) feels nothing valve opens, water drains out spring (soil skeleton) starts to compress as it takes on the extra load finally, the soil skeleton has taken on all the extra load drainage stops

6. in terms of pore water pressure: the pore water pressure is in its initial state: ie., static  u s the effective stress on the soil is σ i ’ a surcharge pressure, q is applied the water takes on this extra pressure, u = u s + u e (u e = q) the water takes on this extra pressure, u = u s + u e (u e = q) as water slowly drains away, excess pore water pressure, u e gradually dissipates and effective stress on soil, σ’ increases finally, soil skeleton has taken on all the extra load and the effective stress on the soil is σ f ’ = σ i ’ + q excess pore water pressure is dissipated and u = u s again usus σi’σi’σi’σi’ q σi’σi’σi’σi’ u s + u e σ i ’ + q usus q ΔHΔH Oh yeah, one last thing... The only thing we really notice is that at the end of this the soil has settled by ΔH

7. Stress History Normally Consolidated Clay If the present effective stress is the maximum to which the clay has ever been subjected CLAY 100,000 years ago 80,000 years ago 30,000 years ago 10,000 years ago 5,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

8. Stress History Overconsolidated Clay If the effective stress at some time in the past has been greater than the present value CLAY 100,000 years ago 80,000 years ago 30,000 years ago ICE AGE 20,000 years ago 18,000 years ago 15,000 years ago 5,000 years ago Today

9. Preconsolidation Pressure, σ’c The maximum effective stress that has acted on the clay in the past Obtained through analysis of laboratory test data (Casagrande’s graphical method) σ’c s s s should not be exceeded during construction to ensure minimum compression

10. Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR Normally Consolidated: OCR =1 Overconsolidated: OCR > 1 How can OCR > 1? Erosion of overburden Recession of glacial ice sheets Permanent rise of water table

11. What’s next? Get out your oedometers!