1. Which soil should we use to plant this garden?

2. Background Knowledge Percolation & Absorbency  Percolation Rate: Is the time it takes for water to flow from the top of the soil to the bottom of the soil. This is also called the “drainage rate” Is the time it takes for water to flow from the top of the soil to the bottom of the soil. This is also called the “drainage rate”  Absorbency: Is how much water the soil can contain at any one moment.

3. Information For veggies to thrive in a garden, the soil must have:  An average percolation rate (that is, drain in a reasonable amount of time)  And a high absorbency rate (ability to hold water without being soggy, and help the plants survive droughts).

4. Experiment #1: Percolation Rate  Does the type of soil affect its percolation rate?  Soils:  Top Soil, Sand, Clay Soil

5. What is the independent variable? The time it takes for the water to enter the soil, and for one drop to hit the beaker. What is the dependent variable? Type of soil

6. Top Soil 500ml Sand 250ml Clay Soil 500ml What is wrong with this procedure? 500ml. Trials= 3 x 30 seconds 5 minutes 2 minutes Answer: There are different amounts of soil, and the student did not stop the stop watch at the first drop for the sand.

7. The students would make a bar graph because they are comparing discontinuous data in their results (rate of percolation is the dependent variable). Top Soil 500ml Sand 250ml Clay Soil 500ml. Trials= 3 x 30 seconds 5 minutes 2 minutes Based on the data, what kind of graph would you make and why?

8. Graphing Format Title Y axis label X axis label Independent Variable on X axis 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dependent Variable Bar graph used for discontinuous data Top SoilSandClay Soil

9. What would the axis look like for this lab? Percolation Rate (minutes)Type of soil Amount of waterAbsorbency Rate A. B. C. D Answer: B

10. Select an appropriate graph title A.Absorbency VS. Type of Soil B.Type of soil VS. Percolation Rate C.Percolation rate Vs. Type of Soil D.Amount of soil Vs. Percolation Rate Answer: C

11. What is wrong with this graph? Percolation Rate Vs. Type of soil Top Soil Sand Clay Soil 0 1 2 4 5 Type of Soils This graph is missing a Y- Axis Label & Appropriate Scale

12. Experiment #2: Absorbancy Problem Statement  Does the type of soil affect its ability to absorb water?  Soils:  Top Soil, Sand, Clay Soil

13. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? Type of soil The amount of water absorbed; that is, the amount of water that remains in the soil after it has finished draining: (amount poured – amount that drained out)

14. Top SoilSand Clay Soil 500ml What is wrong with this procedure? 500ml200ml The students did not start with the same amount of water. The student did not explain how much soil was used. The student failed to due more than one trial. Due to these factors this lab is NOT valid. 15 ml10 ml5 ml Trials = Only One

15. Top SoilSand Clay Soil 500ml Based on the data, what kind of graph would you make and why? 500ml 15 ml10 ml5 ml The students would make a bar graph because they are comparing discontinuous data in their results (amount absorbed is the dependent variable).

16. What would the axis look like for this lab? Amount of water AbsorbedType of soil Type of gardenAmount of soil A. B. C. D Answer: B

17. What is wrong with this graph? Top SoilSand Clay soil 0 50 100 300 Missing: Graph Title: Absorbency of water vs. Type of Soil (ml) X-Label: Type of soil Y-Label: Absorbency Rate of water (ml) Inappropriate Scale: 0-100-200-300-400- 500 Inappropriate scale on the x-axis: the bars need to be = distance apart

18. Top SoilSand Clay Soil 500ml Make a graph based on the data collected 500ml 150 ml25 ml250 ml Do not forget to include a graph title, x-label, y-label, point of origin, and make sure to use an appropriate scale.

19. Reliability What contributes to the reliability of an experiment?  Consistency – experiment is done the same way each time  Repeatability – experiment is done multiple times and the data is averaged  Accuracy – the data is carefully measured with minimal error  Precision – the data is close together – few “outliers”

20. Validity and Credibility What contributes to the validity of an experiment?  If the data is consistent, accurate, and precise, and the results were repeated and averaged, then the results of the experiment are reliable. We say it was a fair, valid test. If the experiment was a fair or valid, then the conclusion is thought to be credible. We say our conclusion is credible and trustworthy.

21. Based on the two experiments, what soils would you use to plant a garden, and why? Absorbancy Averaged Data: Top Soil: 75 ml Sandy Soil: 30 ml Clay Soil: 110 ml Write a Conclusion.  Make sure to base your results on the data collected.  Was this experiment valid and credible? Why?  Make sure to write only in third person.

22. Concepts What is the central concept that makes tectonic plates move, creates weather fronts, and causes global winds? Density differences caused by heat in the earth or heat from the sun, that creates convection currents. What is the force that keeps us from falling off Earth, keeps Earth revolving around the Sun, and makes cooler magma move toward the core of the Earth? Gravity Sixth Grade Content Review

23. Biomes What are the primary factors that determine where plants live?  Temperature  Precipitation  Light (sunshine)  Animals  Human Development  Food ( Temperature DEPENDS on Light!!!) What is the ONE most important factor that determines where animals live?  Temperature  Shelter  Light  Food

24. Sixth Grade Content Review What is the structure of the interior of the Earth? 1) Crust/lithosphere 2) Mantle Asthenosphere is a plastic-like solid, has convection currents that drag tectonic plates around on surface) Mesosphere is solid, hotter 3) Outer core is liquid iron and nickel, likely has convection currents, very hot 4) Inner core is solid iron and nickel, extremely hot. Spins independently of the Earth itself and generates Earth’s magnetic field.

25. Geology Describe what is happening in this diagram Sixth Grade Content Review

26. Geology What makes tectonic plates move?  Earthquakes  Volcanoes  Rotation of the Earth  Convection in the mantle  Atmospheric convection What is a tsunami?  An underwater earthquake  A wave created by an underwater earthquake  A wave created by a convection current  A wave created when an earthquake on land pushes the shore Sixth Grade Content Review

27. Weather What is the difference between a hurricane and a tornado? Only size and where it gets its energy – a hurricane is a large rotational weather mass getting its energy from the warm waters of the equatorial region, while a tornado is a smaller rotational weather mass getting its energy from heated earth and moisture over land. Only size and where it gets its energy – a hurricane is a large rotational weather mass getting its energy from the warm waters of the equatorial region, while a tornado is a smaller rotational weather mass getting its energy from heated earth and moisture over land. Sixth Grade Content Review