1. 9070 20 10 30 4060 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percent Silt Percent Clay Percent Sand Clay Sandy Clay Clay Loam Silty Clay Loam Loamy Sand Loam Sandy Clay Loam Sandy Loam Silty Loam Silt Sand 80 Figure 9.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. 0 50 100 150 200 15202530354045 Temperature (  C) Depth (mm) 14:00 06:00 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0:002:004:006:008:00 10:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:00 Hour Of Day Temperature (  C) 5 mm 25 mm 50 mm 100 mm 400 mm Figure 9.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. yy zz xx F in F out change in storage = flux in - flux out 5 mm A 41  C 15 mm B 37  C Figure 9.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 242526272829303132333435 Temperature (  C) Depth (mm) Bare - day Litter - day Bare - night Litter - night Figure 9.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. T f -  TT f +  T TfTf cfcf cucu caca c a 2  T=c f  T+L+ c u  T Figure 9.5 Temperature (  C) Heat Capacity (J m -3  C -1 ) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. Figure 9.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. Wilting Point Field Capacity Saturation0.451 0.154 0.000 1.000 0.393 Soil Volume Available Water Gravitational Water Unavailable Water Solids Figure 9.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. 0102030405060708090100 Soil Water (Percent Saturation) Suction (mm) Suction (Pa) Sand Sandy loam Loam Clay loam Clay Figure 9.8 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 9 10 8 10 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 10 9 10 11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. yy zz xx F in F out change in storage = flux in - flux out 50 mm A 550 mm B  =-478 mm z=500 mm  =-843 mm z=0 mm Figure 9.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. 0102030405060708090100 Soil Water (Percent Saturation) Hydraulic Conductivity (mm hour -1 ) Sand Sandy loam Loam Clay loam Clay Figure 9.10 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 0 10 -1 10 1 10 2 10 3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 03691215182124 Time (hours) Soil Water (mm) SandSandy loamLoamClay loamClay Figure 9.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan