1. Insert the title of your presentation here Presented by Name Here Job Title - Date Environmental and Propulsion Performance Requirements of L-Category Vehicles (L-EPPR) Version 1 Andrew Nathanson and Matthias Seidl07 th June 2013 Informal Document: EPPR-03-06e (3rd EPPR Session – June 7, 2013)

2. Page  2 Introduction to the study 12 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys 3 Contents Issues and options: Test types II and V 4 Priority and structure of future legislation

3. Page  3 Introduction to the study 12 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys 3 Contents Issues and options: Test types II and V 4 Priority and structure of future legislation

4. Introduction to the study Page  4  The EC is reaching the end of the process of revising type approval procedures for L-category vehicles -powered cycles, mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and quadricycles  The EC wishes, as far as possible, to replace the legislative text in the REPPR with references to international regulations to increase harmonisation  The “Environmental and Propulsion Performance Requirements of L-category vehicles” (EPPR) informal working group has been established within the “Working Party on Pollution and Energy” (GRPE) at the UN for this task  On behalf of the EC, an independent consortium comprising of TRL and Ecorys are performing a study to propose changes to various UN regulations to achieve this

5. Introduction: Areas to be assessed Page  5  Classification and definitions -L-category vehicle classification (L1e-B, L3-A1 etc.)  Propulsion performance -Maximum vehicle speed -Maximum propulsion power and torque (engine test) -Maximum peak power  Tailpipe related: Emissions over a driving cycle -Type I test – Emissions after cold start -Type II test – Idle emissions -Type VII test – Energy efficiency, i.e. CO 2 emissions, fuel/energy consumption, electric range -Type V test – Durability of pollution control devices -Type VIII test – OBD (environmental part)  Non tailpipe related: Emissions from vehicle -Type III test – Crankcase emissions -Type IV test – Evaporative emissions

6. Page  6 Introduction to the study 12 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys 3 Contents Issues and options: Test types II and V 4 Priority and structure of future legislation

7. Page  7 1.First -Test type I: Emissions after cold start -Test type IV: Evaporative emissions -Test type VIII: OBD 2.Second -Test type V: Durability of pollution control devices -Test type III: Crankcase emissions 3.Third -Test type VII: Energy efficiency, i.e. CO2 emissions, fuel/energy consumption, electric range -Test type II: Idle emissions 4.Forth -Propulsion performance requirements (PPR) 5.Fifth -Classification of vehicles and definitions – Maintain definitions list throughout, for consistency within L-category (and M/N if possible)

8. Possible UN legislation locations 1998 agreement Categories Definitions Type I Type II Type VII Type V Type VIII (Type VI) Max. vehicle speed Max. propulsion power / torque Type III Type IV Categorisation Tailpipe related (all others use Type I test cycle) Non-tailpipe related Propulsive performance Page  8 A A GTR No. 2 S.R.1 GTR New α GTR New β B B GTR No. 2 S.R.1 GTR New α GTR New β GTR New γ C C GTR No. 2 S.R.1 GTR New α GTR New β GTR New γ GTR New δ  Separate annexes for two-wheelers and three-wheelers  Empty annex for four-wheelers, implement in 1958 agreement first

9. Max. vehicle speed Max. propulsion power / torque A A B B Categories Definitions A A Type I Type II Type VII (Type VI) Type V Type VIII Type III Type IV Possible UN legislation locations 1958 agreement Categorisation Test Types Propulsive performance Page  9 B B New Reg. A A Single Regulation R.E.3 R68 New R85 New Reg. … … Other possible arrangements ? Also Partial Update R40/47  Quadricycle work could be applied under 1958 agreement first

10. Critical path for proposals to UN legislation  Prioritised test areas are analysed first: i.e. tests within GTR No. 2, Evaporative, OBD  All except propulsive performance currently being worked on Page  10 Analysis of world legislationIn depth analysis Generate base text, combined with areas for discussion and options Input stakeholder’s views from: questionnaire, EPPR and communications Included chosen options into first draft of proposals Type I Type IV Categories Type II Type III Type V Type VII Type VIII PPR

11. Page  11 Introduction to the study 12 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys 3 Contents Issues and options: Test types II and V 4 Priority and structure of future legislation

12. Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys Page  12 Test types I to VIII, classification, PPR Identify issues Cover known issues Identify technical issues Identify harmonisation issues Develop options to resolve each issue Select preferred options Publish resolved issues (with options, preferred option, justification) EPPR group discussion Publish proposals UN legislation and proposals Regional leg. and proposals Standards Publish unresolved issues

13. Detail: Selection of preferred options Page  13 Start ‘Select preferred options’ Define order of priority of legislative sources Order options according to these priorities Justify selection End ‘Select preferred options’ 1.UN legislation (L/M, 1998, 1958) 2.Regional legislation (EU, USA, Japan, India, China, other) 3.Standards (ISO, BS, IEC, EN, etc.) 1.UN legislation (L/M, 1998, 1958) 2.Regional legislation (EU, USA, Japan, India, China, other) 3.Standards (ISO, BS, IEC, EN, etc.) Assess options: Start from top until a viable option is identified Technical expertise Stakeholder input Contracting parties No viable option identified: Requires further EPPR group input Questionnaire results

14. Page  14 Introduction to the study 12 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys 3 Contents Issues and options: Test types II and V 4 Priority and structure of future legislation

15. Page  15 Test type II – Idle emissions  Compression ignition (CI) engines -Include free acceleration test procedure  Hybrid vehicles -Include provisions for hybrid vehicles  Bi-fuel vehicles -Test on both fuels -Exempt emergency tanks?  Focus for test type II currently put on UN GTR No. 2  Test equipment -Requirements and calibration as for test type I or in- service testing?  Measured parameters -Add HC and O 2 ?  Idling speed adjustment -Require measurements at all possible settings?

16. Page  16 Test type V – Durability of pollution control devices  Analysis currently focussed on EU REPPR, US CFR and UN R83  Hybrid vehicles -Operating mode -Battery charging frequency  Driving schedules -US AMA -EU SRC-LeCV -Alternative selection  Test distances -US or EU -Link to driving schedule  Reduced mileage accumulation -Partial mileage accumulation -Mathematical procedure  Test equipment -Dynamometer -Test track  Emissions tests -Number of type I test points -Number of tests at each test point -Periodically regenerating pollution control systems

17. Page  17 Thank you Presented by: Andrew Nathanson and Matthias Seidl, TRL L-EPPR: 07 th June 2013 Andrew Nathanson: anathanson@trl.co.uk +44 (0)1344 77-0504 Matthias Seidl: mseidl@trl.co.uk +44 (0)1344 77-0549 General email address for project team: int-l-cat-leg@trl.co.uk

18. Annexes  Key Dates -Milestones past -Future  Issues and options previously presented -Classification of vehicles -Test type I – Emissions after cold start -Test type III – Crankcase emissions -Test type IV – Evaporative emissions Page  18

19. Key dates: Milestones past Page  19  December 2012: Publicising study Email to stakeholders  10 January 2013 Questionnaire published by Ecorys and TRL  18 January 2013: GRPE (65 th session) & EPPR (1 st session) 1 st meeting of the L-EPPR group, review among others: Rules of Procedure (RoP), Terms of Reference (ToR) & Draft roadmap  12 – 15 March 2013: WP.29 (159 th session) Progress report  25 – 26 April 2013: EPPR (2 nd session) Review: RoP, ToR, Mandate, Roadmap Discuss: Configuration of new legislation  From 2 nd – 3 rd EPPR conference calls Conference calls to discuss ToR, RoP, Mandate and roadmap

20. Key dates: Future Page  20  4-7 June 2013: GRPE (66 th session) & EPPR (3 rd session) Adoption of RoP, ToR & roadmap  12-15 November 2013: WP.29 (161 th session) Adoption of GRPE decision and progress report  Autumn 2013: EPPR (4 th session) Begin main work  2013-2016: Multiple EPPR group and subgroup meetings and/or conference calls Regularly reporting to GRPE and the Administrative Committees AC.1 and AC.3 in WP29  2014-2016: Adopt new and/or amendments to UN Reg(s) and GTR(s);  2016+ Regions accede to agreed updated legislation

21. Page  21 Classification of vehicles  Classification -Align category limits with EU: Max. speed, power and mass? -Add categorisation parameters: Dimensions, seating positions and power limits? -Define further sub-categories based on GTR No 2 or European system? -Include quadricycles in category 3 (S.R.1), i.e. create categories 3-6 and 3-7?  Definitions -Reference test procedures for max. speed and power? -Insert definitions? -Vehicle masses and dimensions -‘Engine cylinder capacity’ -Additional terms for Regulations and GTRs  Scope -Exclude slow moving vehicles, vehicles for the physically handicapped etc. from categories L/3?  UN Resolution R.E.3 defines categories L 1 to L 7 (1958 agreement)  UN Resolution S.R.1 defines categories 3-1 to 3-5 (1998 agreement)

22. Test type I – Cold start emissions  The 1 st session on the EPPR group emphasised prioritising UN GTR No. 2. This currently contains test types I, II and VII Page  22  Updates to Technology -Power in test configuration -Pure electric vehicles -Hybrid vehicles  Alternative fuel sources -E5, B5, E85, LPG, NG, Hydrogen, and H 2 NG mixtures  Harmonised test fuel -Petrol: E5, E10, USA, Japan -Diesel: B5, USA, Japan -Ethanol: E75, E85  Vehicle scope -<50 cm 3 and 3 & 4 wheels  Harmonisation with other vehicles test requirements -Reference temperature -Cooling fan -Inertia, air resistance -WLTP, VPSD  General fixes -Reference updated documents -Typographical and wording -Clarity and ordering  Emission measurement -Addition of PM measurement -Update of HC method -Calibration

23. Test type III – Crankcase emissions  Not currently tested for L-cats Page  23  General options -Do nothing (are crankcase emissions important?). -Perform a Type III test. -Perform a Type III test only deemed necessary (at TAA’s discretion).  Alternative options -Can a test be performed during the Type I test? For example, fit a bag to the engine and ensure it does not inflate over the Type I test.  Type III tests (from REPPR) -Base test – at 3 steady states, ensure crankcase pressure does not exceed atmospheric pressure. If failed then: -Additional test, option 1 – fit a bag to a suitable take-off and check it does not inflate during the 3 steady state tests. -Additional test, option 2 – pressurise the crankcase to 50 kPa and monitor for 900 seconds. (15 minutes)

24. Test type IV – Evaporative emissions  Not currently tested for L-cats in EU. Permeation test in USA plus SHED test in California Page  24  General options -Do nothing (unrealistic). -Set a fixed procedure (would be difficult to agree). -Provide a list of stages covering the basic to the most advanced test procedure.  Test fuel -Specify the reference fuel to be used in the test. -Refer to the reference fuel used for the Type I test.  Test cycles option Test cycle needed for preconditioning for the hot soak test and for test for running loss test. -Specify the test cycle to use in the test. -Do not specify the cycle, simply refer to the Type I test.

25. Test type IV – Evaporative emissions  Proposal – create a new GTR containing a list of stages, e.g. Page  25 Test Evaporative emissions stage SHED abcd 1Fuel tank permeability test  - 2Fuel system permeation test  - 3Tip test  - 4Short diurnal (fuel temp. change)  S fv 5Long diurnal (chamber temp. change)  S vv 6Hot soak loss test  S fv 7Running loss test  S rl S fv Fixed volume SHED required as a minimum S vv Variable volume SHED required, or a modified fixed volume SHED S rl Running loss SHED if available, otherwise a standard chassis dynamometer with sampling of critical areas