1. Virus & Microorganisms Test Review

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Instructions
You may use your notes.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
This review is due at the end of the period!

3. 1. What process is shown in the diagram below
1. What process is shown in the diagram below? Describe what is happening in each step.
Lytic cycle
Attach to cell
Inject genetic material
Assemble/ release new viruses
Produce virus parts

4. 2. Bluetongue virus causes severe disease in sheep and cattle
2. Bluetongue virus causes severe disease in sheep and cattle. High levels of infection in livestock populations can threaten the livestock industry. Which of the following statements best describes how a bluetongue virus reproduces in its host?
 A. The virus immediately kills the animal and then escapes to reproduce.
 B. The virus makes spores that are shed on the ground with the animal’s wastes.
 C. The virus uses the animal’s cellular machinery to reproduce inside the animal.
 D. The virus releases eggs into the nutrient-rich environment of the animal’s digestive tract.

5. 3. In a complete sentence, describe one difference between how viruses reproduce and how cells reproduce.

6. 4. Label the pictures below as either cells or viruses.D
Virus C
Cell

7. 5. A variety of respiratory diseases in humans can be caused by adenoviruses.  Using the words capsid, envelope, replication, and nucleic acid, describe an adenovirus (in a complete sentence).

8. 6. A tomato plant in a greenhouse was found to be infected with tobacco mosaic virus. A few weeks later, nearby plants were also found to be infected with the virus. Which of the following best describes how the virus reproduced inside its host?
A. The virus made its own spores.
B. The virus produced seeds in the tomatoes.
C. The virus used the host plant’s resources and machinery to reproduce. 
D. The virus immediately killed the host plant and was free to reproduce.

10. 7. Based on the graph, which antibiotic had S
7. Based on the graph, which antibiotic had S. pneumoniae become most resistant to by 1999? 8. Why is this antibiotic (answer to #7) the least effective? 9. Explain how antibiotic-resistant populations of S. pneumoniae develop over time.
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Because 30% of cases do not respond (the bacteria are resistant)

11. 10. Is the population pictured above of a bacterial or viral population? 11. Would a vaccine produce the same effect in that population?
Bacterial NO

12. 12. One student in a class becomes sick with a fever and cough
12. One student in a class becomes sick with a fever and cough. Two days later, three other students in the same class become sick with the same symptoms. This is evidence that the illness is most likely caused by —
cold weather
a pathogen
a genetic mutation
nutritional deficiencies

13. 13. Viruses are able to infect cells because they share a common genetic code and are able to use host cell enzymes to carry out protein synthesis. There are some structures which are unique to viruses and not found in cells. Which of the following structures are unique to viruses?   I. Protein capsid II. Nucleic acids III. Cell wall  
A I only B II only C I and II only D II and III only

14. (Viral nucleic acids use the host cell’s DNA to replicate.)
14. Which viral reproduction cycle is pictured above? True/False Viral nucleic acids replicate independently of the host cell’s DNA.
Lysogenic
(Viral nucleic acids use the host cell’s DNA to replicate.)

15. 16. A photograph of a virus is shown below
16. A photograph of a virus is shown below. What is the purpose of the projections on the virus’s surface?
Used to attach to cells

16. 17. What type of treatment most likely led to a decrease in the number of cases of bacterial pneumonia from 1940 to 1960? 18. Explain why this same treatment would or would not be effective against measles.
Antibiotics

17. 19. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1
19. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1. A company that wants to develop antiviral drugs would ask a research immunologist to study —
A the mechanism used by the virus to infect cells B how closely related the virus is to cold viruses C the metabolism of the virus D meiosis in the virus

18. 20. Which of the following illnesses is caused by a virus
20. Which of the following illnesses is caused by a virus? Common cold Diabetes Strep throat Malaria

19. 21. Viruses and cells are different in many ways
21. Viruses and cells are different in many ways. In which of these ways are viruses and cells most similar? Composition of outer covering Stages of life cycle Composition of genetic material Method of reproduction

20. 22. Scientists are designing new medicines to fight infectious diseases caused by viruses. One of the most effective ways these medicines could limit the spread of the virus within the body would be to — A) prevent viruses from dividing B) burst cells infected with viruses C) stop viruses from attaching to cells D) make it easier for viruses to leave cells

21. 23. A retrovirus gets its name from the fact that when it infects a cell, a retrovirus uses ___________ to produce ____________. This is the ___________ of how normal transcription works in a cell.
RNA
DNA
opposite

22. 24. Identify the biomolecules shown below:
carbohydrate
protein
lipid
nucleic acid
25. Which one is never found in a virus?
carbohydrate