1. Development & Learning Kimberley Clow Office Hours: Mon 10am-12pm kclow2@uwo.ca http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/215a-570

2. Outline Development Development of the Visual System Methodologies Different Perceptual Developments Beyond Vision Experience Deprivational Effects Critical Periods Restored Vision

3. Visual System Develops

4. Retinal Development

5. Acuity

6. Contrast Sensitivity

7. Developmental Differences

8. Colour 1 Week 2 Months

9. Other Eye Developments Eye Movements Saccades Smooth Pursuit Accommodation Near-Sighted

10. Infants are born with astigmatism

11. Methodologies Unlearned Responses eye movements (fixation and scanning) reflex responses (startle, avoidance) preferential looking Learned Responses habituation Infant Psychophysics Forced-choice preferential looking Topic Specific

12. Fixation & Scanning

13. Age Differences

14. Face Perception

15. Reflex Responses

16. Preferential Looking

17. What Do They Prefer?

18. When Paired

19. Habituation

20. Forced-Choice Preferential Looking

21. Form Perception

22. Perception of Motion

23. Depth Perception

25. Monocular Depth Cues

26. Stereoscopic Depth Perception

27. Overview

28. Not Just Vision

29. Experience

30. The Oblique Effect Poorer Acuity

31. Anomalous Early Experience Naturally occurring conditions that can interfere with normal vision Cataracts Strabismus Astigmatism Major Consequences are Amblyopia Stereoblindness

32. Strabismus Esotropia Exotropia

33. Consequences

34. Astigmatism Goggle RearingCylinder Rearing

35. Results No Astigmatism

36. Monocular Deprivation Experience with just one eye

37. Results

38. Normal Vision Deprived Vision

39. Binocular Deprivation

40. What’s Going On? Normal cells compete for synaptic contact End up getting equal shares When a deprivation occurs (naturally, temporarily, or otherwise), there is no competition Loses its share of cortical space Cortical neuron

41. Critical Periods When these deprivations occur is important Early in life Can be reversed if corrected soon enough Examples Cataracts must be corrected within 5 months Astigmatisms must be corrected within 2 years Stereopsis requires retinal disparity from 3 ½-6 months

42. Perceptual-Motor Development

43. Adapting to Displaced Vision

44. Restored Vision Molyneux asked whether a man born blind who had his sight restored later in life would recognise by sight an object that he had previously only known by touch Nativists say “yes”; Empiricists say “no” Several studies have examined this question What does research say…

45. The Case of SB Elephant

46. Immediate 3 months 6 months