1. Marriage and the Family Cultural universal Variations –Monogamy –Polygyny, Polyandry –Same-sex –Residential patterns Men’s/children’s houses –Kawelka,Trobriands, Indian tribals Matrilineal households –e.g., Nayar, Na

2. Functions of Marriage –Stable relationships –Regulate sexual reproduction –Raise children –Regulate sexual division of labor Often exploits women’s labor –Alliances between groups Mate Selection –Rules of exclusion Incest taboo –Rules of preference Cousin marriage

3. Suffixes and Prefixes -gamy = marriage Exo = outside Endo = inside Mono = one Poly = more than one -local = residence Patri = with groom’s parents Matri = with bride’s parents Avuncu = with uncle Neo = new Ambi/Bi = either

4. Marriage Rules Whom one can or should marry Exogamy – outside –Kin group Lineage Clan –Village Endogamy – inside –Caste –Village –Race –Class –Ethnicity Arranged

5. Arranged Marriage Hierarchical corporate descent groups –Lineages –Clans –Castes Patrilineage

6. Arranged Marriage Hierarchical corporate descent groups –Lineages –Clans –Castes Rules –Exogamy –Endogamy Alliances Preservation of: –purity –status –property

7. Bilateral Kinship - No corporate group - Nuclear family - Choice of residence -Neolocal -Ambilocal - Focus on individuals

8. Preferential Cousin Marriage: Cross & Parallel

9. Preference Rules Cross cousin –Mother’s brothers’ children (matrilateral) –Father's sisters’ children (patrilateral) –Yanomamö –Hindus in South India: reinforces alliances between kin groups North India: no cousin marriage + village exogamy = wider kin network Parallel cousin –Mother’s sisters’ children (matrilateral) –Father’s brothers’ children (patrilateral) –Arab Middle-eastern & North African groups Especially patrilateral, e.g., Bedouin Keeps property in patrilineal family Resolves contradiction between patrilineal and patrilocal Levirate –Widow marries deceased husband’s brother or close male relative Sororate –Widower marries deceased wife’s sister or wife’s brother’s daughter

10. Yąnomamö & South Indians Use Iroquois System Parallel cousins referred to as brothers and sisters Cross-cousins preferred marriage partners

11. Residence Patrilocal/virilocal - 69% Matrilocal/uxorilocal - 13% Avunculocal - 4% Ambilocal/bilocal - 9% Neolocal - 5%

12. Gender asymmetry –Patrilineal  patrilocal Women at disadvantage –Economic dependence –Difficult to divorce –Matrilineal  matrilocal, avunculocal –Bilateral  ambilocal, neolocal Women enjoy better status –Closer ties with natal kin –Greater autonomy –Influence –Easier to divorce »Natal kin support –More resources »Inheritance

13. Forms of Marriage (Number of spouses) Monogamy Polygamy –Polygyny (70% of cultures) Africa, Middle East, U.S. (Mormons) Related to –wealth, privilege, status, power –women’s economic contribution –descent system Sororal polygyny –Polyandry (<1% of cultures) Nepal, Tibet, India, Marquesas Demographic –Toda in India – shortage of women Economic –Marquesas: Manpower –Tibet/Nepal: Land scarcity Fraternal polyandry

14. Family Structure Nuclear –2 generations –Neolocal or ambilocal –Mobility –Industrialized and foraging societies Extended (46% of societies) –3 generations –Patrilineal/patrilocal Elderly parents Unmarried daughters and sons Married sons with their wives and children –Joint = brothers with wives & children (2 generations) –Matrilineal Parents or eldest woman with her brothers & sisters Unmarried sons and daughters Married daughters with their children & husbands Nayar, Na/Mosuo (matrilineal household with no husbands ) Industrialization/urbanization  nuclear families Definitions of family broadening –80% American families non-traditional

15. Dadi = Grandmother – also Sas = Mother-in-law Dada = Grandfather Jats = Farmers in Haryana, northern India Extended family –Dadi and Dada –3 Sons, their wives and children Meherlal and Darshini (eldest), 3 sons, 1 daughter Mohinder and Sita, 2 sons, 1 daughter Rajinder and Kanta (newlyweds) Daughters Saroj, Anguri, and 3 rd daughter not in film –Live with their husbands’ families in other villages Dadi’s Family

16. Kinship Terms Descent – related by blood –Patrilineal –Matrilineal –Bilateral –Ambilineal Residence – where couple lives –Patrilocal = with husband’s parents –Matrilocal = with bride’s parents –Avunculocal = with uncle –Ambilocal = with either set of parents –Neolocal = new/with neither set of parents Family Structure –Nuclear –Extended = 3 generations –Joint = brothers, 2 generations