1. Conditioning

2. Ivan Pavlov Russian scientist – he wanted to learn about the relationship between digestion and the nervous system Accidentally discovered the principles of Classical Conditioning

3. Stimulus – something that produces a reaction or response. Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Neutral stimulus Conditioned stimulus

6. Taste Aversion – 1970’s John Garcia discovered that if a negative experience took place with found within several hours of consumption, people would develop an aversion to that food or taste.

7. Little Albert J.B. Watson used little children Paired a nice fuzzy white rat with a loud noise to frighten the children Children became frightened of the rats even without the noise, conditioning had occurred They became frightened of other fuzzy animals, even stuffed animals – this is called generalization Sometimes the child would respond differently to a dog than the mouse – this is called discrimination

8. Extinction – when a Conditioned Stimulus no longer brings about a Conditioned Response (bell without food) Spontaneous Recovery – after extinction has occurred, CS is done again and it brings about the CR (often happens with music)

9. Applications of the Extinction Principle Flooding Systematic Desensitization http://understandingshyness.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/systematic-desensitization-therapy/

10. Other Conditioning treatments Counter-conditioning – 1924 Mary Jones – You can counter-condition fears by pleasant stimuli Bell and Pad Method

11. Operant Conditioning The idea that people (or animals) learn to do and not to do things by the result that they get.

12. B.F. Skinner Reinforcement – Primary Reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers – Skinner Box

13. Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers – Due to biological makeup of organism – food, warmth, water Secondary Reinforcers – must be learned – money, social approval – sometimes functions through long lines of association (i.e. grades)

14. Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement – desires to increase the frequency of a behavior – Food, fun activities, social approval – Disadvantages: only works if the reinforcer is desired

15. Negative Reinforcement – also desires to increase the frequency of a behavior – behavior reinforced because something unwanted stops happening (i.e. your tired, you go to bed) – Disadvantage: just like positive reinforcement

16. Rewards – fairly interchangeable with Positive Reinforcement Punishment – seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior – behavior decreases or stops upon the application of punishment

17. Disadvantages of Punishment Does not necessarily teach acceptable behavior. only works when guaranteed severe punishments may cause a person to simply leave the situation Context must always be apparent sometimes is accompanied by unseen benefits that make the behavior increase rather than decrease

18. On the other hand… “Spare the rod and spoil the child”

20. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement – rein. applied every time behavior occurs – quickest way to reinforce but if reinforcement stops behavior quickly stops as well Partial reinforcement – Interval Schedules – Ratio Schedules

21. Interval Schedules Has to do with time Fixed – reinforcement available only after a fixed amount of time has passed Variable – reinforcement available only after time has passed but time is variable

22. Ratio Schedules Has to do with number of time behavior occurs in relation to reinforcement Continuous – 1:1 Fixed – x:1x is constant Variable – x:1,x is variable