1. Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Activities and Monitoring Network Design Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Activities and Monitoring Network Design Stephen D. Preston U.S. Geological Survey / Chesapeake Bay Program Office Annapolis, Maryland

2. Chesapeake Bay Watershed Land Use Chesapeake Bay Geography Watershed Characteristics * 64,000 square miles in area * includes parts of six States & DC * 9 major drainages Bay Characteristics * 4,500 square miles in area * encompassed by two States MD and VA * most drainage comes from PA, MD and VA PA NY MD DE WV VA

3. Chesapeake Bay Impairments Variety of Ecological Impacts - Eutrophication Anoxia Seasonal Algal Blooms Loss of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Loss of Economically Important Species

4. Tidal Water-Quality Monitoring

5. Objectives of Tidal Monitoring A. Characterization, Status - Water-Quality Criteria - Nutrient Reduction Goals - Biological and Ecological Indicators B. Temporal Changes - Long-Term Trends C. Tidal Water-Quality Modeling D. Understanding of Processes Related to the Attainment of Water-Quality Criteria and Other Restoration Goals

6. A. Cross Section of Chesapeake Bay or Tidal Tributary B. Oblique View of the “Chesapeake Bay” and its Tidal Tributaries Shallow Water Open Water Deep Water Deep Channel Open Water Habitat Shallow Water Habitat Deep Water Deep Channel Migratory Finfish Spawning and Nursery Habitat Designated Uses for Chesapeake Bay

7. Application of Water-Quality Criteria

8. Spatial Extent of Tidal Monitoring CBP Monitoring Segmentation

9. Potential Approaches for Tidal Monitoring A. Buoy Systems * Potential Need - Dissolved Oxygen Criteria B. Probability-Based Monitoring * Potential Need - Shallow-Water Monitoring C. Fixed-Station Monitoring * Potential Need - All Objectives, Some Designated Uses D. Continuous Underway Monitoring Systems * Potential Need - Detailed Spatial Assessment E. Remote Sensing (Aerial Over-flights, Satellite Imagery) * Potential Need - Chlorophyll Criteria Attainment

10. Fixed-Station Water-Quality Monitoring Network in Relation to the Open Water, Deep Water and Deep Channel Designated Uses

11. Interpretation Of Fixed-Station Data

12. Continuous Underway Monitoring

14. Non-Tidal Water-Quality Monitoring Network Design Non-Tidal Water-Quality Monitoring Network Design

15. Objectives of Non-Tidal Monitoring A. Flux from the Watershed - Load Estimation B. Temporal Changes - Long-Term Trends C. Effectiveness of BMP’s - Watershed Modeling D. Research / Education

16. Objectives – Load Estimation WRIR 99-4238, Belval and Sprague

17. WRIR 98-4192, Langland Objectives – Trend Analysis

18. Factors Affecting Nutrient Trends In Major Rivers of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Sprague and others (2000) WRIR 00-4218 1985198719891991199319951997 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND TOTAL NITROGEN DAILY MEAN DISCHARGE CONCENTRATION EXPLANATION Patuxent River NITROGEN SOURCES 1985 1998 POINT SOURCE URBAN FOREST AGRICULTURE SEPTIC ATMOSPHERIC DELIVERED LOAD, IN 10 5 KILOGRAMS PER YEAR 0-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.9-162. No data 0.8-0.9 0.7-0.8 0.6- 0.7 0.5- 0.6 0.4-0.5 0.3- 0.4 0.2- 0.3 gm / m 2 -yr Total Nitrogen Delivered Yield Patuxent River Basin

19. Time Period - 1987 Time Period - 1992 Chesapeake Bay Stream-Load Data Base Chesapeake Bay Stream-Load Data Base

20. “Non-tidal” data base Constructed in mid- 1990’s (NSC/USGS) Contains nutrient and sediment data collected by State, Federal, and NGO’s. 3 years minimum Updated through 2002 Linked to GIS so allows for analysis

21. 703 Stream Gages 176 QW Associated with Stream Gages 313 Active Stream Gages 389 Active Water-Quality 118 Sites Meet Frequency and/or Parameter Criteria for trends >1700 Water Quality Initial Network Design

22. Nontidal Water- Quality Monitoring Implementation of strategies to meet water-quality criteria Nontidal network will provide first measure of water- quality improvements

23. Areas of different loadings Enhance network to target nutrient sources and loads –Assess reductions –Using SPARROW late 1990s version

24. Initial Network Design Evaluate current sites Propose new locations –Tributary Basin boundaries –High load areas