1. Hydropower Veronica Behman, Johanna Carroll, Victoria Tang CMENG12 Energy Seminar Presentation

2. ● Power from movement of water ● 3 basic types o Tidal o Waves o Reservoir Overview

3. ● Relies on water cycle ● Mechanical energy → electrical energy o Run-of-the-river system o Storage system ● 19% of world electricity production Current State

4. ● Tides caused by moon’s gravitational pull ● Used to produce energy o Economical if over 10ft of variation o More reliable than wind and solar ● Beginning to become viable Current State: Tidal

5. ● Tidal barrage o Simple dam-like structure at tidal basin ● Tidal fence o Water forced through vertical turbines ● Tidal turbines o “Wind turbines in water” Current State: Tidal

6. Tidal Barrage

7. ● Generate electricity, pump water into reservoirs ● 252 billion kWh in U.S. o 6% of electricity generation in US ● Focus waves into narrow channel o Directly spin turbines Current State: Waves

8. ● Underwater devices, devices on top of waves ● Technology o Oscillating water column  Air compressed in chambers, air in turbine o Point absorber buoy  Surface, buoys drive hydraulic pump Current State: Waves

9. Oscillating Water Column

10. ● Height of water level in dam determines energy output o Easily changed when necessary ● Reservoir, Intake, Penstock, Turbine, Outlet ● Generator to powerhouse o Transformer to cables Current State: Reservoir

11. Reservoir Power Generation Process

12. ● Increase in small facilities ● Studies in turbine technologies ● Reduce environmental impacts o Emissions in reservoirs o Harm to ecosystems o Fish migration Future

13. ● Industrial o 60% of use o Developing economies o Latin America and Asia = 60% global activity ● Utilities and consumers o Depends on geographics Target Market

14. ● Political o Environmental issues ● Technical o Geographical constraints ● Financial o High capital costs o High investment costs Roadblocks

15. ● Minimal pollution ● Renewable ● Greenhouse gas emissions ● Reliable technology ● Low maintenance costs, long lifetime ● No dependence on imports/oil ● Sustainable economic development Advantages

16. ● Passage restrictions ● High investment costs ● Environmental impacts ● Dependent on o Bodies of water o Solar energy o Changing water quality/quantity, precipitation Disadvantages

17. ● US: o Appleton, WI plant  First operating hydroelectric power plant o Grand Coulee Dam, WA  Largest hydroelectric plant ● Niagara Falls o First built ● China - largest producer of hydroelectricity o Yangtze River Examples

18. Hydropower in the US

19. Costs ● Capital costs o 85-90% of total cost=development of site o 10%=turbine, generators, control system ● $1000/kW to $8000/kW investment costs o $500/kW to add to existing dams ● Generally high initial costs

20. ● Avg LCOE $0.04/kWh x 518kWh/month= $20.72 o Assumed 10% capital costs ● Most cost-competitive generating option Generating Costs

21. Table of Costs

22. ● Depends on size of power plant ● Different ranges o 5-8 years o Georgia (country): 3 power plants, 14 years each ● Offset by long lifetimes of plants Payback Period

23. http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=hydropower_home-basics https://www.greenmountainenergy.com/why-green/renewable-energy-101/hydro-energy-101/ http://water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/hydropower http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydroadvantages.html https://wiki.uiowa.edu/display/greenergy/Hydroelectric+Power http://www.usbr.gov/power/edu/history.html http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-hydropower.pdf http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/hydropower-profile/ Sources