1. Why do bilinguals gesture more than monolinguals? Elena Nicoladis University of Alberta

2. Thanks to… Simone Pika Paula Marentette Natasha Tuck Carrie Jansen Nathalie Savoie Samuel Navarro Stephanie Yan Lin Ko Geoff Hollis SSHRC NSERC

3. Gesture and speech People gesture while speaking Gestures often: –Complement the meaning of speech –Occur close in time to speech –McNeill (1992) Speech-gesture system

4. Why gesture? For the listener: –Gesture makes the speech easier for the listener to decipher –Gestures occur with low frequency word combinations (Beattie & Shovelton, 2000) For the speaker: –Gesture helps package info for speaking Lexical access, choosing word combos (Kita, 2000) –People gesture when in TOT state; resolve more TOTs when moving hands (Frick-Horbury & Guttentag, 1998)

5. Why gesture? For the listener and the speaker: –Gesture might serve as many functions as speech itself (Goldin-Meadow, 2003)

6. Bilinguals: language access difficult Many studies have shown that access language for speech production is more difficult for bilinguals than monolinguals –E.g. more TOTs (Gollan & Acenas, 2004) –Due to competition between languages or less frequent usage?

7. One example: cross- linguistic transfer Cross-linguistic transfer refers to influence of one language on the other Observed in simultaneous bilingual children, adult bilinguals of all stripes Phonology, morphology, syntax (lexicon?, pragmatics?) E.g., “the hat of my brother”

8. Adjective-Noun strings In English, adjectives usually go before nouns (e.g., the white card) In French, adjectives usually go after nouns (e.g., la carte blanche) French-English bilingual children (3-5 years) might make more adjective-noun reversals than monolinguals

9. %Reversals Nicoladis, 2006 “the card white” “la blanche carte”

10. Cross-linguistic transfer Likely due to competition between languages for the purposes of speech production N.b. Transfer ≠ confusion –Recall that most of their productions are correct

11. Other studies with “interference” Other studies (lexical access) have noted cross-linguistic interference, usually with sequential bilinguals: –From L1 onto L2 (all levels of proficiency) –From L2 onto L1 (at least with advanced L2)

12. Bilinguals’ gestures To the extent that gestures are related to accessing language for speaking: –Bilinguals > monolinguals –Gesture rate might be related to proficiency

13. Methodology: Gesture studies Participants watched a Pink Panther cartoon (two segments) Told the story back to a native speaker of the relevant language Bilinguals do this twice: once in each language –Counterbalanced, sessions on different days

14. Methods, con’t Gesture coding –Iconic: resemble referent –Deictic: pointing –Conventional: used within a cultural group Gesture rate –Number of gestures divided by word tokens used to tell the story

15. Study 1 English monolinguals vs. English- Spanish bilinguals vs. French-English bilinguals –Adults –Late bilinguals –Highly proficient L2 Prediction: bilinguals > monolinguals

16. Gesture Rate in English (Nicoladis, Pika, Yin, & Marentette, 2007)

17. Results/Discussion The adult bilinguals gestured more in English than monolinguals –Even English-Spanish bilinguals Consistent with: –Transfer from high-gesture language –Bilinguals > monolinguals Need Spanish or French monolinguals

18. Study 2 French-English bilingual preschoolers –Simultaneous bilinguals English monolinguals (in Alberta) French monolinguals (in Quebec) Prediction: bilinguals > monolinguals –Q: is French a high-gesture language?

19. Word use (Nicoladis, Pika, & Marentette, in press)

20. Iconic gesture rate

21. Results The French-English bilinguals gestured more than either English or French monolinguals There was no difference in the gesture rate between English and French monolinguals

22. Discussion Inconsistent with transfer from high-gesture language Consistent with bilinguals > monolinguals Implication that gesture might be successful in helping with language access –Bilinguals used as many words (types and tokens) to tell the story as monolinguals

23. Study 3 Intermediate Chinese-English bilingual adults –Late L2 learners –Intermediate English spoken proficiency English monolinguals (in Alberta) Chinese monolinguals (in China)

24. Gesture rate Nicoladis, Marentette, Yin, & Pika, in prep.

25. Results/Discussion Intermediate bilinguals > monolinguals in L2 only Bilinguals = monolinguals in L1 Consistent with other studies reporting that L2 acquisition  little interference with L1 in early and intermediate stages but interference with advanced L2

26. Summary of gesture results Highly proficient bilinguals gesture more than monolinguals in both languages Intermediate bilinguals gesture more than monolinguals in L2 but not L1 Corresponding to the pattern of cross- linguistic interference observed in other studies of speech production

27. Why do bilinguals gesture more? Two possibilities: –Lexical access (Krauss, 1998) –Lexical access and word combinations (Kita, 2000) This study: –Tested hypothesis that bilinguals gesture more because of competing lexical access

28. Rationale of study Preschool bilingual children gesture more than monolinguals Bilingual adults show more TOTs than monolinguals (Gollan & Ascenas, 2004) Monolingual adults recover more TOTs when gesturing (Frick-Horbury & Guttentag, 1999)

29. Predictions for TOT study Bilingual children will: –Gesture more than monolinguals –Experience more TOTs than monolinguals When TOT rate is controlled for, no difference between monolinguals and bilinguals on gesture rate

30. Methods Participants –20 French-English bilinguals (7-10 years) –20 age-matched English monolinguals Asked them to name 50 pictures (from Faust & Dimitrovsky, 1997) –e.g., scarecrow, screwdriver, weather vane Videotaped to code for gestures

31. Methods, con’t Tested their comprehension of test items afterwards –Forced-choice (4 choices) Two measures of TOT –Explicit report of TOT (TOT) –Correctly identified later (CIL) Rate of TOT/CIL –Out of total number not named immediately (Gollan & Brown, 2005)

32. Results: Gesture rate The children gestured very rarely There were no differences in the rate of gesturing between monolinguals and bilinguals

33. Results (Yan & Nicoladis, in press)

34. Summary Bilingual children experience more TOTs than monolinguals of the same age –N.b. Cannot be accounted for by comprehension vocabulary differences We think the differences between French and English are due to French being in contact with English

35. Summary, con’t This measure of lexical access in this population did not account for differences between bilinguals and monolinguals on gesture rate

36. So, why do bilinguals gesture more? We’re leaning towards: –Bilinguals gesture more than monolinguals because they have more choices in how they put words together –And not lexical access alone Though we do not have enough evidence to rule it out completely

37. Thank you…

38. Gesture rate

39. Number of gestures

40. Correlations between age/word types and gesture rate