1. The Muscular System
Chapter 4

2. Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the Muscular System

3. Muscles Primary Function Make body movement possible Hold body erect
Move body fluids
Produce body heat

4. Muscles
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
my/o, myos/o

5. Fascia Primary Function Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
Cover, support, and separate muscles
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
fasci/o

6. Tendons Primary Function Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
Attach muscles to bones
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

7. Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscles:
Attached to bones of the skeleton
Make body motions possible
Voluntary muscles
Striated muscles
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8. Types of Muscle Tissue
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9. Types of Muscle Tissue Smooth muscles:
Located in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
Move and control the flow of fluids through these structures
Involuntary, unstriated, and visceral muscles
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10. Types of Muscle Tissue
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11. Types of Muscle Tissue Myocardial Muscle
Form the muscular walls of the heart
Myocardium or cardiac muscle
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12. Types of Muscle Tissue
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13. Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
Muscle innervation: stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
Neuromuscular: pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
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14. Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
Contraction
Relaxation

15. Contrasting Muscle Motion
Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
Adduction: movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
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16. Contrasting Muscle Motion
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17. Contrasting Muscle Motion
Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
Extension: increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
Hyperextension: the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
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18. Contrasting Muscle Motion
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19. Rotation and Circumduction
Rotation: a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
Circumduction: the circular movement at the far end of a limb
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20. Rotation and Circumduction
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21. Supination and Pronation
Supination: the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
Pronation: the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
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22. Supination and Pronation
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23. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion: the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
Plantar flexion: the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
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24. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
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25. Key Word Parts and Definitions
bi-
twice, double, two
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous band
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26. Key Word Parts and Definitions
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
pertaining to
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
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27. Key Word Parts and Definitions
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o
coordination, order
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28. Key Word Parts and Definitions
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension,
tri-
three

29. Questions

30. Question
The largest muscle in the human body is found in the buttocks.
True or False?

31. Answer
True. The gluteus maximus in the buttocks is the largest muscle in the body.

32. Question
How many muscles are required to raise your eyebrows? 15 8 30

33. Answer
c. 30

34. Question
Pronation is the act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned upward.
True or False?

35. Answer
False. Supination is the act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned upward.

36. Question Singultus is the medical term for: A facial tick Hiccups
Cramps

37. Answer
b. Hiccups

38. Answers to Learning Exercises

39. Chapter 4 Answers Matching Word Parts 1 4.1. -ia 4.2. fasci/o
4.3. fibr/o
4.4. -cele
4.5. kines/o, kinesi/o
4.6. tax/o
4.7. my/o
4.8. -rrhexis
4.9. tend/o
4.10. ton/o
Matching Muscle Directions and Positions
4.11. transverse
4.12. sphincter
4.13. oblique
4.14. rectus
4.15. lateralis

40. Chapter 4 Answers Definitions 4.16. skeletal 4.17. heel spur
4.18. supination
4.19. bradykinesia
4.20. physiatrist
4.21. myofascial
4.22. tendon
4.23. adhesion
Definitions
4.24. paraplegia
4.25. tenodesis
4.26. myocardial
4.27. gluteus maximus
4.28. tendon
4.29. deltoid
4.30. sphincter

41. Chapter 4 Answers Which Word? 4.31. strain 4.32. neuromuscular blocker
4.33. dystonia
4.34. impingement syndrome
4.35. deltoid
Spelling Counts
4.36. antispasmodic
4.37. singultus
4.38. gravis
4.39. ganglion
4.40. pronation

42. Chapter 4 Answers Abbreviation Identification
4.41. carpal tunnel syndrome
4.42. deep tendon reflexes
4.43. range of motion
4.44. repetitive stress disorder
4.45. spinal cord injury
Term Selection
4.46. myorrhexis
4.47. myolysis
4.48. hyperkinesia
4.49. hamstring
4.50. myofascial release

43. Chapter 4 Answers Sentence Completion 4.51. epicondylitis
4.52. flexion
4.53. intermittent claudication
4.54. myoparesis
4.55. spasmodic torticollis
Word Surgery
4.56. electr/o, my/o, -graphy
4.57. hyper-, kines, -ia
4.58. my/o, clon, -us
4.59. poly-, myos, -itis
4.60. sarc/o, -penia

44. Chapter 4 Answers True/False 4.61. True 4.62. False 4.63. True
Clinical Conditions
4.66. ganglion cyst
4.67. myocele
4.68. atrophy
4.69. hypotonia
4.70. chronic fatigue
4.71. Achilles tendinitis
4.72. myalgia
4.73. shin splint
4.74. quadriplegia
4.75. hemiparesis

45. Chapter 4 Answers Which Is the Correct Medical Term? 4.76. dystrophy
4.77. carpal tunnel release
4.78. adduction
4.79. myotomy
4.80. dorsiflexion
Challenge Word Building
4.81. myopathy
4.82. polymyalgia
4.83. myonecrosis
4.84. fasciorrhaphy
4.85. polymyectomy
4.86. fasciodesis
4.87. myocarditis
4.88. fasciectomy
4.89. herniorrhaphy
4.90. sphincterotomy

46. Chapter 4 Answers Labeling Exercises 4.91. flexion 4.92. extension
4.93. abduction
4.94. adduction
4.95. pronation
4.96. supination
4.97. dorsiflexion
4.98. plantar flexion
4.99. circumduction
rotation