1. Exercise Science Section 3: The Muscular System
An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen
ISBN

2. Major Functions of Muscles
Movement
Includes: breathing, eating, and the beating of our hearts
Support
Heat production
There are over 600 muscles in the human body.
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

3. Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscles:
Voluntary, striated, and attach to bones by tendons and other tissue
Cardiac muscles:
Involuntary, striated, and found in one place – the heart
Smooth muscles:
Involuntary, non-striated, and surround the body’s internal organs
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

4. Properties of Muscle Fibre
Irritability
Refers to muscle responding to stimuli
Contractibility
Refers to muscle shortening in length
Elasticity
Refers to muscle stretching and returning to normal position
Extensibility
Refers to muscle extending in length
Conductivity
Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

5. Neuromuscular Junction
Axon
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
Sarcolemma
Axon Terminal
Synaptic Cleft
Receptor
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

6. The Motor Unit Dendrites Neuron cell body Axon hillock Motor neuron
Myelin sheath
Direction of action potential
Neurolemma
Neuromuscular junction
Terminal branches
Motor end plate
Muscle fibres
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

7. The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle fibre looking outward:
Perimysium
Binds muscle fibres together
Epimysium
Sheath enveloping entire muscle
Muscle fibre looking inward:
Endomysium
Sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibre
Sarcolemma
Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
Myofibrils
Contain actin and myosin
Sarcomeres
Contains myosin and actin
Muscle fibre
Perimysium
Epimysium
Endomysium
Muscle belly
Tendon
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

8. Muscle Fibre Epimysium Perimysium Sarcomere Z line Z line Muscle belly
Tendon
Muscle Fibre
Thick filament
Thin filament
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibril
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

9. How Muscles Are Named Action/Function Flexion/Extension
Direction of Fibres
Rectus/Transversus
Location
Anterior/Posterior
Number of Divisions/Heads
Number of heads
Shape
Deltoid/Trapezius
Points of Attachment
Sternum/Clavicle/Mastoid process
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

10. How Muscles Attach to Bone
Indirect attachment:
Epimysium extends past muscle as a tendon
Attaches to periosteum of bone
Direct attachment:
Epimysium adheres to and fuses with the periosteum
Point of attachment
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

11. Antagonistic Pairs Examples Agonist (Prime Mover)
Antagonist (Counteracts)
Elbow flexion
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Shoulder abduction
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Medial shoulder rotation
Pectoralis major
Infraspinatus
Knee extension
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Wrist flexion
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis
Dorsi flexion
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Trunk flexion
Rectus abdominis
Erector spinae group
Hip flexion
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

12. Origin, Insertion, and Function
Proximal attachment
Where muscle attaches to the least moveable area of the bones of the axial skeleton
Insertion:
Distal attachment
Where muscle attaches to the bone that is moved most
Function:
Action/motion
What the muscle does when activated
Origin
Insertion
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

13. Types of Muscle Contraction
Concentric:
Muscle fibres shorten
Eccentric:
Muscle fibres lengthen
Isometric:
Muscle fibres do not change in length
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

14. Muscle Contraction During Exercise
Isotonic exercise
Controlled shortening and lengthening of the muscle
Isometric exercise
No motion – muscle fibres maintain a constant length throughout contraction
Isokinetic exercise
Use machines to control speed of contractions
Combines best features of both isotonic and isometric training
© iStockphoto.com/”Max Delson”
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

15. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments):
Attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession
Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
Known as the sliding filament theory
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

16. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the thin filaments)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

17. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges
Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

18. The Sliding Filament Theory
Myosin crossbridges
Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments
Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

19. The Role of Adenosine Triphosphate
The sliding filament theory at the molecular level:
Nerve impulse transmitted through the muscle fibre and releases calcium ions
Calcium (in presence of troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates the interaction of myosin and actin molecules
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source behind the release of calcium
ATP detaches myosin from the actin molecule
ATP must be replaced through food metabolism for process to continue
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

20. The Role of Calcium Sarcolemma Longitudinal
tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Outer vessicle of sarcoplasmic reticulum (Terminal cisternae)
Transverse tubule (T-tubule)
Terminal cisternae Transverse tubule Terminal cisternae
Triad
H zone
A band
I band
Z line
Myofibrils
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

21. Anterior Muscles
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

22. Posterior Muscles
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

23. Muscles of the Neck Semispinalis capitis Splenius Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus medius
Scalenus anterior
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

24. Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Occipital bone
Nuchal line
Mastoid process
Spinalis
Longissimus
Erector spinae group
Iliocostalis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

25. Muscles of Respiration
Internal thoracic artery and vein
Sternum
Transversus thoracis
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm (thoracic)
Transversus abdominis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

26. Muscles of the Abdomen External oblique Rectus abdominis
Quadratus lumborum (deep)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

27. Muscles of the Shoulder
Clavicular head of pectoralis major
Sterncostal head of pectoralis major
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

28. Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’d
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

29. Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

30. Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d
Subscapularis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

31. Muscles that Act on the Scapula
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Teres major
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

32. Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d
Teres major
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

33. Muscles that Move the Humerus
Deltoid (anterior and lateral heads)
Coracobrachialis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

34. Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

35. Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

36. Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior
Triceps brachii (short head)
Triceps brachii (long head)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

37. Muscles of the Forearm – Anterior
Biceps brachii
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Pronator quadratus (deep)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

38. Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior
Triceps brachii (lateral head)
Brachioradialis
Anconeus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

39. Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)
Supinator
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

40. Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

41. Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digit minimi
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

42. Intrinsic Hand Muscles
Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

43. Muscles of the Hip – Anterior
Psoas minor
Psoas major
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Iliotibial tract (band)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

44. Muscles of the Hip – Posterior
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus maximus (cut)
Gracilis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

45. Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)
Pectineus (cut)
Adductor brevis
Adductor group
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

46. Muscles of the Thigh – Anterior
Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius (underneath)
Quadriceps femoris group
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

47. Muscles of the Thigh – Posterior
Semitendinosus
Hamstring muscle group
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

48. Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

49. Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior
Gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads)
Soleus
Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

50. Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis (Peroneus) longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Fibularis (Peroneus) brevis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

51. Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial
Flexor digitorum brevis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

52. Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate
Quadratus plantae
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

53. Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Deep
Flexor hallucis brevis
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

54. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.