1. Interdependence & Interaction
In Living Systems

2. Any group of parts that work together
Systems
Any group of parts that work together
as a unit.

3. Organization of the Human Body
Cells – 1st level of organization; the basic unit of structure and function
Tissues – a group of cells that perform that same function
Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, & Epithelial
Organs – a group of tissues that perform a specific function
Organ systems – a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

4. Interactions within the human body
11 Systems of the Human Body
Nervous Cardiovascular Digestive
Respiratory Muscular Skeletal
Endocrine Excretory Immune
Integumentary Reproductive

5. Nervous
obtains and processes information from the body’s internal and external environment
directs most body functions
main components – brain, spinal cord, nerves
Dendrite
Axon
Cell Body

6. Cardiovascular Circulatory transports needed materials to body cells
removes wastes
main components – heart, arteries, veins

7. Digestive breaks down food and absorbs the broken-down materials
main components –
liver
Stomach
gall bladder
small intestine

8. Respiratory gets oxygen into the body removes carbon dioxide
main components – trachea or windpipe, lungs, diaphragm

9. Muscular & Skeletal Muscular – enables the body to move
Smooth: involuntary (digestive tract)
Striated: voluntary (movement)
Cardio: involuntary (heart)
Skeletal – supports and protects the body
Work together to enable movement

10. Endocrine
produces chemicals called hormones that help control many body processes
main components – glands and stomach, pancreas (insulin), and kidneys that produce hormones

11. Excretory removes wastes helps regulate water in the body
main components – kidney and large intestine

12. Immune
fights disease
main components – liver, lymph nodes, blood, thymus
Lymphocytes- white blood cells

13. Integumentary Skin– protects the body keeps water inside
helps sense the external environment

14. Reproductive creates offspring
determines male and female characteristics
main components– ovaries, testes

15. Review What is the largest organ in the human body?
Skin
What type of muscle is the heart made out of?
Cardiac
Where does the process of digestion begin?
In the mouth (saliva and chewing)
What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move air called?
Diaphragm

16. Interactions & Interdependence
Interactions: organ systems work together to do a specific job
Interdependence: organ systems depend on each other and cannot work alone

17. Interactions: Transporting Oxygen
Respiratory – delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
Trachea – tube connecting to the lungs
Alveoli – round sacs in the lung
Moves oxygen from air to blood
Moves carbon dioxide from blood to air
Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream
Muscular – enables air to enter lungs
Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

18. Transporting Oxygen
RESPIRATION
BREATHING
physical
chemical

19. Interactions in digesting food
Digestive – breaks down food into simpler substances to be used by body cells
Mouth and stomach – begins to break down food
Small intestine – completes the breakdown of food and absorbs the nutrients (absorbs through villi)
Large intestine – undigested food passes out of the body as waste

20. Interactions in digesting food
Muscular –
move jaws
to breakdown food
Peristalsis- involuntary movement of smooth muscles in the digestive tract
Enables you to swallow food
Within the stomach – food is churned and squeezed, broken down into smaller particles

21. Interactions in digesting food
Cardiovascular – carries nutrients absorbed through the small intestine to the blood
Nutrients are carried throughout the body.
small intestine magnified

22. Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves
Muscular – produce movement by contracting or shortening (voluntary striated muscles)
Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your body
Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and nerves direct muscles to contract.
Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to cells
Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes carbon dioxide
Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

23. Review Which organ systems interact to transport oxygen? (3)
Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular
Which organ systems work together to get nutrients to cells? (3)
Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular
Which systems allow us to move? (6)
Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive

24. Equilibrium and Feedback
Stability of Living Systems
Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts function smoothly
Homeostasis – process by which the body’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment (body balance)
Negative Feedback
One way in which living systems maintain internal equilibrium or homeostasis

25. Keeping Body Temperature Constant
Stay cool – sweating. When you become warm, you perspire. Heat comes from the body out through your sweat
Shivering – muscles in your body contract. This requires energy which generates heat to make the body warm.

26. Maintaining Glucose Levels in the Blood
Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose. Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the glucose and delivers it to cells.
Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the blood
Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that affects the activity of a tissue or organ
Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels
Produced in the pancreas

27. Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells
Diffusion – a process where substances move back and forth through the cell membrane
Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure
Movement of water in cells
Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
(Selectively permeable allows some things through, but not all. An example is a cell membrane.)
The concentration of water molecules in and out of the cell helps determine whether water enters or leaves a cell.

28. Turgor Pressure
Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell
Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves
Maintains water balance
Negative feedback in turgor pressure
Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant.
An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water molecules into the cell.
An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer water molecules to move into the cell.

29. Water Equilibrium in Animals
Thirsty – animal drinks
Kidneys
remove wastes;
adjust amount of water in your blood by changing the concentration of water in the urine they produce

30. Review What does equilibrium mean? Where is insulin produced?
Balance
Where is insulin produced?
Pancreas
What does insulin regulate
Glucose levels (blood sugar)
What type of pressure gives shape and firmness to plants?
turgor

31. Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science
Credits:
Text: CSCOPE
Images:
Microsoft Clipart
DK Clipart
Other images where cited