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Accident and Loss Statistics
Chemical Process Safety ChE 258
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Overview Accidents Models Engineering Ethics Loss Statistics
Perceptions Example
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Definition Accident – is an undesired event that resulted in unwanted deterioration of health of a living organism value of an organization quality of the environment
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Safety, Hazard, and Risk Safety or loss prevention is the prevention of accidents by the use of appropriate technologies to identify the hazards of a chemical plant and to eliminate them before an accident occurs.
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Safety, Hazard, and Risk A hazard is anything with potential for producing an accident Risk is the probability of a hazard resulting in an accident.
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Types of Personnel Accidents
Struck by Contact by Caught in Caught between Foot-level Fall Exposure Struck against Contact with Caught out Overexertion Fall to below
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Accident Causation Theory
“Acts of God” “Pilot Error” – beginning of industrial revolution “Mismanagement” – current legal leanings
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Heinrich Domino Theory
Predictable chronological sequence of causal factors lead to accidents Fault of person Unsafe practices Unsafe conditions Accident, and Loss Developed by H.W. Heinrich in 1920’s
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Marcum’s 7 Domino Sequence of “Misactsidents”
Supposes that all accidents can be avoided and that the liability resides with management Inadequate preparation Substandard performance Miscompensated risks Harmful contact incident Adverse reaction Sustained losses, and Incurred costs
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System-Induced Error An accident occurs if a triggering event occurs at a time when the innate error tendencies of humans as determined by performance influencing factor lead to an error in an unforgiving environment Developed during the 1980’s
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System-Induced Error Innate error tendencies of humans Fallible memory
Reliance on rules Information processing limitations
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System-Induced Error Performance influencing factors
Physiological and Psychological state Low motivation Overloaded Inadequate training
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System-Induced Errors
Unforgiving Environment Absence of barriers (physical) to making errors No support for recovery
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System-Induced Error An accident occurs if a triggering event occurs at a time when the innate error tendencies of humans as determined by performance influencing factor lead to an error in an unforgiving environment
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Chemical Engineering Ethics American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Fundamental Principles Engineers shall uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by 1 using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare; 2 being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers, and clients; 3 striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession
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Chemical Engineering Ethics American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Fundamental Canons 1 Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in performance of their professional duties. 2 Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence. 3 Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. 4 Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
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Chemical Engineering Ethics American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Fundamental Canons 5 Engineers shall build their professional reputations on the merits of their services. 6 Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession. 7 Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.
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OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Established by Congress in 1970 in the “Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970” OHSAct OSHA has defined terms related to work related losses
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OSHA Definitions Occupational Injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, etc. which results from an exposure involving a single incident in the work environment. From Table 1.2 in text
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OSHA Definitions Occupational Illness of an employee is any abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or diseases which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
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OSHA Definitions Lost Workdays are those days which the employee would have worked but could not because of occupational injury or illness. Also need to account for diminished long term performance.
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OSHA Definitions Recordable Cases are those involving an occupational injury or occupational illness, including deaths. Not recordable are first aid cases which involve onetime treatment and subsequent observation of minor scratches, cuts, burns, splinters, etc., which do not ordinarily require medical care.
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OSHA Definitions Nonfatal cases without lost workdays are cases of occupational injury or illness which did not involve fatalities or lost workdays but did result in (1) transfer to another job or termination of employment, or (2) medical treatment other than first aid, or (3) diagnosis of occupational illness, or (4) loss of consciousness, or (5) restriction of work or motion.
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OSHA Definitions There are tables of “lost work days” that are assigned to losses of various members of the body Fatality is equivalent to 24 worker years
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OSHA Definitions These “lost work days” are not only based on how long it will take to recover but also on the individuals diminished ability to carry out the job function
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Injury and Loss Statistics
There are several different statistics that have been defined and collected by government and industrial agencies
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OSHA Injury & Illness Rate
(# of Injuries&Illness*200,000)/(Total hrs all employees) Based on 100 worker-years
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OSHA Lost Workdays Incidence Rate
Same bases, but use lost workdays Lost Workdays Incidence Rate = (# lost workdays * 200,000)/(Total hrs worked)
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Other Loss Statistics FAR is the Fatal Accident Rate
FAR=(# of Fatalitiesx108)/(Total hrs all employees) Based on 1000 workers’ career Table 1.3 & 1.4 lists several FARs
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Other Loss Statistics Fatality Rate
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Causes of Accidental Death in US
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Major causes of death in US
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Accident Pyramid Typically there are numerous property losses and minor injuries for every fatality “An accident is usually visible the day before it happens”
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Risk Risk is the product of the probability of the occurrence of an accident and the severity of the accident The Chemical Processing Industry has the possibility for severe accidents due to operating conditions and materials Engineers try to reduce the probability of occurrence to reduce the risk In the real world we have to accept some risks
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Public Perceptions Public Opinion Poll “Would you say chemicals do more good than harm, more harm than good, or about the same amount of each” The Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) recently (2000) changed its name to American Chemists Council (ACC) to avoid the word “chemical”
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Risk to Human Life Survey
You will rank which causes the greatest number of deaths each year Each question is the same, only decreasing rank Causes of death Handguns Smoking Motor Vehicles Private Aviation Commercial Aviation Alcoholic Beverages Nuclear Power Food Preservatives Pesticides Skiing
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Risk to Human Life Survey
Start Internet Explorer LIBRIX Front Page Give username and password If first time, username is AFS name and password is Student number “Risk to Human Life” survey
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LIBRIX Go to “My Profile”
Change password to your choice so that you can remember Will use LIBRIX some more during the semester.
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In Class Assignment The FAR for travel by car is reported as 57 while that for travel by air is 240 If the average speed of travel is 50 mph by car and 250 mph by air, determine the deaths per million miles travel by car or air. If you are required to make a round trip from St. Louis to Los Angeles, which is the safer mode of transportation as indicated by the statistics?
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Solution 1) Calculations
2) For a fixed distance, air travel is the safest mode
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