1. Introduction to Reinsurance Reserving Peter A. Royek Toa Reinsurance Company of America Casualty Loss Reserve Seminar Scottsdale, Arizona September 13, 1999

2. Agenda Reinsurance Contract Types Data Grouping Dimensions Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Applications, Complications, and Considerations

3. Reinsurance Contract Types What Policies Are Insured? Mechanics of the Cover

4. Reinsurance Contract Types What Policies Are Insured? –Facultative Reinsurance Generally covers one insured/policy The one insured/policy is known to the reinsurer at inception –Treaty Reinsurance Covers multiple insured/policies which fit treaty specifications These multiple insured/policies are unknown at inception but become known to the reinsurer during the treaty term

5. Reinsurance Contract Types Mechanics of the Cover –Proportional Reinsurance “Follows the Fortunes” of the reinsured company –First-dollar sharing of premium and loss between the parties Reinsurer’s relative participation is pre-determined Examples:Quota Share, Surplus Share –Excess Reinsurance Responds when a loss, group of losses, or a loss ratio exceeds a set figure Reinsurer’s relative participation is NOT pre-determined, but depends on the size of the loss or loss ratio Examples:Per Risk, Per Occurrence, Aggregate –Others

6. Data Grouping Dimensions Accident Year vs Underwriting Year (or “Losses Occurring” vs “Risks Attaching” or “Policies Incepting”) Casualty vs Property Treaty vs Facultative Excess vs Proportional Broker vs Direct

7. Data Grouping Dimensions Accident Year vs Underwriting Year (or “Losses Occurring” vs “Risks Attaching” or “Policies Incepting”) –Accident Year allows for easiest application of standard techniques Premium fixed as of December 31 Population of claims fixed at December 31 as well, though many may be unknown May not always be an option for reinsurance

8. Data Grouping Dimensions Accident Year vs Underwriting Year (or “Losses Occurring” vs “Risks Attaching” or “Policies Incepting”) –Underwriting Year is often used in reinsurance, especially for proportional contracts –This is problematic as an UY can cover two policy years and three calendar years for losses The current UY as of 12 months is “incomplete”

10. Data Grouping Dimensions Casualty vs Property –Casualty business generally has a longer development tail –Line of business detail is often not available to the reinsurer, but if it is you might want to further subdivide by LOB as different LOBs may develop differently

11. Data Grouping Dimensions Treaty vs Facultative –These display different development patterns, all else equal

12. Data Grouping Dimensions Excess vs Proportional –Should be separated from each other Different development patterns Possible reserve adequacy mix –Excess case reserves are generally reviewed by reinsurer’s claim department, which may use ACRs to make case reserve adequacy more consistent among the claims –Proportional case reserves are generally booked as reported by the reinsured company without review –Subdivide Excess further, if possible by type of layer - low, high, catastrophe, etc, as these exhibit different development patterns as well

13. Data Grouping Dimensions Broker vs Direct –Reinsurers obtain business from ceding companies either directly from that company or though a broker –In the case of “broker” business, the data flows through the broker as well - reports are submitted to the reinsurer periodically (monthly, quarterly, or some other increment) –Because of this, there should be less of a reporting lag for “direct” business than for “broker” business - all else equal –Therefore, it should be expected that the development patterns differ

14. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Reporting Lag/Development Lag Data Increased Variability Tailor-Made or Atypical Contracts or Features “Accumulation of Issues”

15. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Reporting Lag/Development Lag –Primary losses develop faster than reinsurance losses if only due to the time it takes for information to reach the reinsurer –Proportional business (“broker”): Accounts are often not due to the reinsurer until 30-90 days after the close of the quarter It is then possible that losses that the ceding company books in calendar year “X” will be realized and booked by the reinsurer in calendar year “X+1”. The same loss will be in two different triangle “cells”

16. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Reporting Lag/Development Lag –Excess business: Reporting lag compounds with development lag The reinsurer is not notified immediately of the loss The losses do not “hit” the reinsurer’s data until they exceed the threshold established in the Excess reinsurance contract Example: –Primary company has $400,000 excess of $100,000 per risk reinsurance cover –Loss occurs in Year 1, reserved for $25,000 –Year 3, reserve increased to $50,000, reinsurer is verbally notified that this loss MAY eventually reach their contract –Year 5, reserve increased to $150,000, reinsurer incurs loss, loss “hits” triangles 4 years after it did for the primary company

19. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Reporting Lag/Development Lag –Premium Estimates Premium estimates are needed in reinsurance more than for primary insurance Reserves must be set against premium earned/exposed as of the accounting date Reporting lag can cause large earned premium amounts to be unreported to the reinsurer as of the accounting date This creates a need for premium to be estimated

20. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Data –Quantity The “infinite” detail of primary company data is often lost when reported to reinsurers as data gets “collapsed” along several dimensions –Accident dates not reported –Lines of business not reported Industry benchmarks by line of business or accident year can thus be difficult to use

21. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Data –Quality Quality of data affected by “varied quantity”: –Some ceding companies report more detail to reinsurers than do others –As reinsurance data for reserving is organized along the greatest common denominator in terms of reported data fields, this has an impact on the quality of the analysis

22. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Increased Variability –Primary insurers purchase reinsurance (among other reasons) to make their results less variable (ie from catastrophes) –Reinsurer data is subject to this reinsured variation –Depending on the type of reinsurance cover, reinsurer data may BE this variation

23. Primary Experience Gross of Reinsurance

24. Primary Experience Net of Reinsurance

25. Reinsurance Experience

26. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving Tailor-Made or Atypical Contracts or Features –Many (possibly large) reinsurance contracts have features that affect the way their experience will develop vis-à-vis other contracts with which they would otherwise be grouped Examples: Stop loss arrangements, loss corridors, sunset clauses, etc

27. Differences Between Reinsurance and Primary that affect Loss Reserving “Accumulation of Issues” –Each primary insurer faces issues such as changing reserve adequacy, changing settlement patterns, etc –These issues affect that company’s loss reserving data, and the primary company reserving analyst has tools to neutralize the effects of these on the reserving data –Reinsurance loss reserving data is an accumulation of the data of primary companies each of which may have these issues –This adds a further complication to the reinsurance loss reserving process