1. Accident simulation and analysis using Vehicle Infrastructure Interaction Simulation Stephan Kunz Young Researchers Seminar 2009 Torino, Italy, 3 to 5 June 2009

2. Table of contents Motivation Tools 3D Road Model Example Simulation Outlook Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

3. Table of contents Motivation: –State of the art and problem description –Solution approach –Implementation overview Tools 3D Road Model Example Simulation Conclusions Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

4. Motivation: Problem Description Many improvements in transport safety on the car side: –Airbag –ABS, ESP Improvements on the infrastructure side are difficult to achieve: –Unknown impact of road parameters on transport safety –Expensive –Uncertain results Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

5. Motivation: Approach Vehicle Infrastructure Interaction Simulation - VIIS: –Simulation using real (measured) road data –Analyse accident black-spots to identify hazardous parameter combinations –Virtually test different parameter combinations Identify dangerous road stretches and accident black-spots. Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz SAFE LIVES

6. PC-Crash: –Specialised simulation software –State of the art Validation of results using MARVin road accident database Motivation: Implementation Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz Road data Road model Simulation software Accident data Validation Results Detalied road geometry and surface parameters from road database of the Austrian road network Measured with RoadSTAR high- performance laboratory R script to create road model

7. Table of contents Problem, Motivation Tools: –RoadSTAR –PC-Crash –MARVin 3D Road Model Example Simulation Conclusions Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

8. Tools: RoadSTAR High-performance measurement laboratory: –Most of the relevant road parameters in one run: Skid resistance Texture Transversal and longitudinal evenness Crossfall –Measuring speed between 40 and 120 km/h. Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

9. Tools: PC - Crash Simulation software for accident simulation: –Up to 32 vehicles –Collision and rollover model –Kinetic model –Backward simulation –Commercial Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

10. Tools: MARVin Combined database of road parameters and accidents: –Recorded accidents from 1994 to 2007 –RoadSTAR data (approx. 24.500 km) –Interfaces for similarity search (parameter combinations) Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

11. Table of contents Problem, Motivation Tools 3D Road Model: –Overview –Input data description –Resulting Model Example Simulation Conclusions Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

12. 3D Road Model: Overview Input: –RoadSTAR data Generation: –R script –44 triangles per meter –Width: 3.3 meters Output: –Requirement: Easy import to PC-Crash –Textfile for calculation purposes –DXF file for visualization purposes Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

13. 3D Road Model: Input Data RoadSTAR data: –Course angle –Transverse evenness (ruth depth) –Crossfall –Slope (height profile) –Skid resistance Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

14. 3D Road Model: Resulting Model Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz 3.3 m 1m

15. Table of contents Problem, Motivation Tools 3D Road Model Example Simulation: –Dangerous parameter combination –Models –PC-Crash Simulation –Results Conclusions Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

16. Road stretches consisting of two consecutive curves are dangerous, if the ratio of the two curve radii is below 0.8. Using MARVin similarity search to identify existing road segments with the described hazardous combination. Result: Example: Dangerous Parameter Combination Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz SegmentR1 [m]R2 [m]RatioSpeed limit A145530.37100 km/h B13773.50.54100 km/h C130560.43100 km/h

17. Example: Models Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz Driver: –Constant speed, from 50 km/h to 100 km/h with a step size of 5 km/h. –Driveline in the middle of the road. Car: –Volkswagen Golf IV, the most common car in Austria. Road: –3D road model with global skid resistance, from 0.1 to 1.0 with a step size of 0.1.

18. Example: PC-Crash Simulation Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz If cornering force of a wheel in a curve falls to 0 (zero), the wheel is in slipping state. PC-Crash example output:

19. Example: Results Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz Resulting criticality matrix: Road Segment A Speed Skid resistance ( µ ) 0.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0 50 km/h 55 km/h 60 km/h 65 km/h 70 km/h 75 km/h 80 km/h 85 km/h 90 km/h 95 km/h 100 km/h

20. Example: Results Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz Resulting criticality matrix: Road Segment B Speed Skid resistance ( µ ) 0.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0 50 km/h 55 km/h 60 km/h 65 km/h 70 km/h 75 km/h 80 km/h 85 km/h 90 km/h 95 km/h 100 km/h

21. Example: Results Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz Resulting criticality matrix: Road Segment C Speed Skid resistance ( µ ) 0.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0 50 km/h 55 km/h 60 km/h 65 km/h 70 km/h 75 km/h 80 km/h 85 km/h 90 km/h 95 km/h 100 km/h

22. Table of contents Problem, Motivation Tools 3D Road Model Example Simulation Conclusions: –Discussion of the Results –Outlook Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz

23. Conclusions: Discussion of the Results Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz All simulated roads are dangerous, even at high skid resistance values skidding situations occur. Cross-check with MARVin accident database: –On all stretches accidents with injured persons occurred: Segment A: 8 accidents (10 slightly injured / 2 seriously injured) Segment B: 8 accidents (6 / 6) Segment C: 11 accidents (11 / 4) –The segments can be identified as black spots. Under these circumstances it can be stated, that the 3D road model is valid.

24. Outlook: Future Improvements Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz Improve the road model: –Increase resolution of geometry up to 0.1 m –Include skid resistance values (maximum resolution 5m) Improve and update MARVin database: –Include traffic intensity (where available) Add driver behaviour: –Breaking maneuvers, overtaking Automated simulation: –Sensitivity analyses

25. Accident simulation and analysis using VIIS Stephan Kunz THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION