1. Buoyancy and Swim Bladders

2. Born: 4 Jan 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England Died: 31 March 1727 in London, England Sir Isaac Newton

3. Newton: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Kerosene Oxygen 1000 0 Pressure at the sides of the combustion chamber oppose each other, but there is no pressure opposite the pressure exerted on the top of the chamber.

4. Newton II 50 PSI 10 PSI The blades push water backward, so the pressure on the back (pushing) side of the blades is higher than the pressure on the front. USS Ichthyology

5. Swimming in Ostracoderms Newton in Action Fish’s fin pushes water upward and backward Water pressure pushes fish forward and the tail down. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The water goes one way, the fish goes the other. Reverse Heterocercal Tail

6. Newton in Action II

7. Normal swimming will scoot the fish along just above the bottom. If he swims too fast, the fish will flip right over!

8. Hetrocercal Tail

17. Homocercal tails

18. Modern Fish - Homocercal Tail WaterFish Homocercal tails provide thrust, but not lift.

21. Modern Fin Placement More primitive fish. Fins designed to provide lift and maneuverability More modern fish. Fins relocated and used only for maneuvering.

22. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

23. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

24. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

25. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

26. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

27. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

28. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

29. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

30. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

31. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

32. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

33. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

34. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

35. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

36. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

37. A.Primitive B.Intermediate C.Advanced

38. Shark Buoyancy

39. Born: 4 Jan 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England Died: 31 March 1727 in London, England Sir Isaac Newton

41. Bernouli (born 1667 AD):

43. Bernouli and Wings Fish Air Air moving along the longer route over the wing moves faster so its pressure drops. This means that the pressure on the bottom of the wing is higher than the pressure on the top.

44. Long Route Air Goes Faster Pressure is lower Short Route Air Goes Slower Pressure is Higher Delta

46. =

49. Airplane Wing Effect

50. Archimedes (born 287 BC):

51. USS Ichthyology Archimedes: An object floats if it can displace a mass of water equal to the mass of the object.

52. Objects float if their average density (g/cm 3 ) is less than that of the liquid around them

53. Seawater Density = 1.026 g/cm 3 How un- dense does a shark need to be to float ? <1.026 g/cm 3

54. What about bones?

56. Bone Density = 2 g/cm 3

57. Cartilage 1.1 g/cm 3

60. Buoyancy in a Bottle

63. Sharks have cartilage instead of heavy bones

64. Placoid Scales

65. Sharks have light scales

67. Shark Liver lipid (0.90-0.96 g/cm3) squalene (0.86 g/cm3) wax esters (0.88 g/cm3)

68. Light Lipids help sharks float

70. Shark Buoyancy Water Shark Shark body is wing shaped Pectoral fin pushes water down so lifts shark up. Liver full of light- weight lipids Lightweight Skeleton & scales

71. Filling Swim Bladders in Physoclists Hemoglobin 201

72. Swim Bladder Types Physostome: Has a duct from esophagus to swim bladder Physoclis: Has no duct

73. Physoclist Swim Bladder Anatomy Swim Bladder Oval Gas Gland Gas In Gas Out Gas gland makes lactic acid

74. How do you deliver gas from blood ? 1. Diffusion 2. Bohr Effect (low pH means lower affinity oxy:Hb bond)

76. Root Effect If pH drops even lower.. The capacity of hemoglobin to carry oxygen drops Example: Now it can only carry a max of 3, not 4 Occurs at a pH lower than that of normal tissues. Hb OO O X

77. Gas Gland Function Root and Bohr Lactic Acid from gas gland INSIDE SWIM BLADDER Oxygen

78. Salting Out Lactic Acid from gas gland INSIDE SWIM BLADDER Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide

79. NNOOOOOO Lactic Acid

80. Swim Bladder Oval Gas pressure pushes gas in Gas moves from high to low pressure

81. Physoclist Swim Bladder Anatomy 1)Bohr effect 2)Root effect 3)Salting out 4)Countercurrent exchange Swim Bladder Oval Gas Gland

82. Coelacanth

83. Quiz How fins work Fin position, evolution, buoyancy How sharks maintain buoyancy How physoclists fill their swim bladders