1. Narration and narratology

2. Intro Narratology: the study of narration and narrative techniques Narrator (narrative agent): central in prose fiction – in film and drama the situation is quite different Narrator should not be confused with the author

3. Basics AUTHOR READER / addressee.

4. Narrative situation The person of the narrator: – First person – Third person

5. Knowledge of the narrator Limited knowledge Omniscient neutral omniscience limited omniscience

6. Other categories Authority: – reliable vs. unreliable Intrusive vs. neutral

7. Medium Speech Thought Text Mixed, unclear or unspecified

8. Register and style Formal (calculated, careful etc.) Informal (spontaneous, colloquial)

9. Levels of Narration Diegetic Extradiegetic Hypodiegetic

10. Voice and perspective Voice – who speaks to us (whose voice we hear)? Perspective – whose perspective we take (Who do we sympathize with)?

11. Tone of narration What is the attitude of the narrator towards what is narrated? – satirical, – ironic, – understanding etc.

12. Narrative Distance Temporal Spatial Attitudinal (tone and style)

13. Narrative techniques and structures (examples) Frame narrative interior (internal) monologue Stream of consciousness technique

14. Anachrony analepsis (retrospection / flashback) prolepsis (anticipation / flashforward)

18. Duration of narration 1. Descriptive pausenarrative time = n, story time = 0 2. Scene - narrative time = story time 3. Summary - narrative time < story time 4. Ellipsis - narrative time = 0, story time = n

19. Elipsis Explicit ellipsis (e.g. ten years ago…) Implicit ellipsis

20. Frequency of narration