1. Greece & Rise of Macedon Aftermath of Peloponnesian War Aftermath of Peloponnesian War –Sparta installs Thirty Tyrants in Athens (404-403 B.C.) –Oligarchy overthrown, general amnesty –Sparta attempts to control all of Greece  Makes alliance with Persia: Sparta has free hand in Greece; Persia has authority over Ionian cities  King’s Peace 386 B.C.

2. Rise of Thebes Thebes challenges Spartan hegemony Thebes challenges Spartan hegemony –Defeats Sparta at Leuctra in 371 B.C.  Tactics of Epaminondas  Sacred Band: 150 pairs –Thebes invades Laconia, frees Helots Thebes emerges as leading military power Thebes emerges as leading military power –Athens rebuilds military and naval power –Sparta and Athens challenge Thebes; defeated at Mantinea in 362  Epaminondas killed

3. Plato, 429-347 B.C. Contributed to the study of Western psychology, philosophy, logic, & politics Contributed to the study of Western psychology, philosophy, logic, & politics –Realism (Idea of ideal forms) Dialogues of Socrates Dialogues of Socrates The Republic The Republic –: –Central Themes:  Nature of Justice  Political Community  Reason as the basis of human institutions

4. Plato on the Polis Supported the polis, but had no love for contemporary Athenian democracy Supported the polis, but had no love for contemporary Athenian democracy Convinced that individuals were not capable of rising above their own narrow self-interests Convinced that individuals were not capable of rising above their own narrow self-interests Preferred an enlightened oligarchy Preferred an enlightened oligarchy

5. Aristotle, 384-322 B.C. Contributed to the study of philosophy, logic, physical & biological sciences, ethics, politics, & constitutional government Contributed to the study of philosophy, logic, physical & biological sciences, ethics, politics, & constitutional government Philosophy based on the application of reason: Rationality is the way to achieve knowledge Philosophy based on the application of reason: Rationality is the way to achieve knowledge Aristotelian Ethics: Pursuit of happiness is the main goal in life. But an individual’s happiness can be achieved only through virtuous acts Aristotelian Ethics: Pursuit of happiness is the main goal in life. But an individual’s happiness can be achieved only through virtuous acts

6. Aristotle on Politics Humans are naturally disposed to form political associations Humans are naturally disposed to form political associations The polis was the natural outcome of human nature The polis was the natural outcome of human nature Criticized Athenian democracy because it allowed uneducated people to control politics Criticized Athenian democracy because it allowed uneducated people to control politics Believed that only certain people were bestowed with the capability to undertake the responsibilities of citizens Believed that only certain people were bestowed with the capability to undertake the responsibilities of citizens

7. The Rise of Macedon Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) Vying interests with Athens Vying interests with Athens –Seizes Amphipolis, gold mines make him rich and independent –President of Delphic amphictyony –Philippics of Demosthenes Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.) Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.) –Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.) League of Corinth (338 B.C.) unites Greece Philip forbids war without permission League of Corinth (338 B.C.) unites Greece Philip forbids war without permission –No tribute, but must support Macedon

9. The Rise of Macedonia and the Hellenistic World Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) –Military innovations: combined arms –Conflict with Athens –Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.) –Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.) –League of Corinth (338 B.C.) Philip plans invasion of Persia Philip plans invasion of Persia Philip assassinated (336 B.C.) Philip assassinated (336 B.C.) Alexander III (the Great) becomes king Alexander III (the Great) becomes king

10. The Macedonian Phalanx: Philip‘s innovation to overawe and dominate the traditional Greek phalanx Use of the sarissa, the long spear, to present an impenetrable front Use of cavalry to protect flanks

11. Alexander the Great and the War on Persia Rise of Alexander III (356-323 B.C.) Rise of Alexander III (356-323 B.C.) Macedonia’s War with Persia: 334 B.C. Macedonia’s War with Persia: 334 B.C. –Use of companion cavalry & Macedonian phalanx –Granicus 334 –Issus 333 –Gaugamela 331  Death of Darius

12. The Conquests of Alexander the Great

13. Alexander the Great at the Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.

14. Alexander’s March to Persepolis in 330 Effective End of Persian Empire Macedonian Empire: Asia Minor, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India Death in Babylon in 323 BC

15. After Alexander End of Persian empire End of Persian empire Leadership vacuum in Macedonia Leadership vacuum in Macedonia –Murder of wife Roxane and son in 310 Division of conquests Division of conquests –Egypt: Ptolemy –Mesopotamia: the Seleucids –Greece & Macedon: the Antigonids Effective end of Greek polis as complete expression of Greek life Effective end of Greek polis as complete expression of Greek life Greek culture dominates Eastern Mediterranean Greek culture dominates Eastern Mediterranean –Emergence of common Greek language: koine

16. Hellenistic Kingdoms, ca. 240 B.C.

17. Greek Art Transition from classic style to Hellenistic Transition from classic style to Hellenistic –Realism rather than idealism –High level of skill in sculpture and architecture –Advances in engineering and warfare  Catapults and quinqueremes –Emergence of monarchies rather than democratic rule

18. Statue of Zeus at Olympia

19. Statue of Athena Combines realism and symbolic elements Combines realism and symbolic elements Religious function not art Religious function not art

20. Bronze Charioteer (c. 475) Myron, Diskobolus (c. 460 B.C.)

21. Pythokritos, The Winged Victory of Samothrace (ca. 200 B.C.)

22. The Laocoon: Roman copy of a masterpiece of Hellenistic sculpture

23. Dying Celts: Sculpture for the King of Pergamun, ca. 230 B.C.

24. Contemporary Artist‘s Sketch of a Catapult Designed by Hero ca. 270 B.C.