1. Earth Science – Unit 1.1 Reading Topographic Maps

2. Topographic Maps Outline
- Definition
- Features
- Elements
- Contour lines
- Cross-section representation
- Exercise

3. Definition of Topographic Maps
1. A graphical representation of the three dimensional shape of the earth’s surface.
2. A reduced, simplified, categorized/classified, symbolized and annotated representation of the earth’s surface which has been projected on a horizontal plane.

4. Features of Topographic Maps
TOPOGRAPHY (RELIEF):
- printed in brown
- contour lines shows hills, mountains, plains, etc.
WATER FEATURES:
- printed in blue
- includes oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, canals, etc.
CULTURE:
- printed in black
- human-make works such as roads,
railroads, buildings, land boundaries, etc.

5. Features of Topographic Maps
Relationship between 3D and 2D representation
3D view
2D view

6. Title and Location
MAP TITLE

7. Title and Location
QUADRANGLE LOCATION

8. Map design
Other Information

9. Earth's Surface Location Coordinates
Position on the surface of a sphere is most easily described by angle from the pole (N-S position), and from some defined 'prime meridian' (E-W position). These are usually given as:
- parallels - latitude (angle from equator)
- meridians -longitude (angle from Greenwich, England)
So:
Latitudes are a family of lines drawn on the globe parallel to the equator.
Longitudes are circles drawn on the globe that pass through the two poles.

10. Latitude and Longitude
Generalized system of meridians and parallels

11. Projection DEFINITION
The process of constructing a map, the transferring of the
meridians and parallels to a flat sheet of paper.
The resulting product of this geometric exercise is called
a 'map projection'.
This can be done in a wide variety of ways, the principle differences being projections that show accurate area over the entire map, and those that show accurate distance.

12. Type of Projections
Transformation from lat/long to a flat surface

13. Projections: Equal Distance vs. Area
Equal Area Cylindrical
Equidistant Cylindrical

14. Orthographic Projection: Orbital View
Othographical

15. UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator
Cylindrical (transverse)
Conformal
Scale is true along Central Meridian
Used extensively for quadrangle maps at scales of 24,000 from 250,000
60 zones, 6 degrees each.

16. UTM Zones of the Lower 48

17. Map Scale
Definition
A means of showing the relationship between the size of an object or feature indicated on a map and the actual size of the object on the ground.
Scale is expressed as a ratio, such as 1:24,000 (i.e. 1 unit on the map equal 24,000 units on the ground) and shown graphically by Scale bars marked in feet and miles or meters and kilometers.

18. Scale Types
Fractional scale: - is a fixed ratio between linear measurements on the map and corresponding distances on the ground. It is sometimes called the representative fraction or R.F.
Example: R.F. 1:62,500
Graphical scale: - is simply a line or bar drawn on the map and divided into units that represent ground distances.
Example:
Verbal scale: - is a convenient way of stating the relationship of map distance to ground distance.
Example: 1 inch equals 1 mile 1 2 3 4
Miles

19. Scale Decreasing Detail Increasing Coverage 1:24,000 scale

20. Declination
True North
(Through the Poles)
Magnetic North

21. Legend

22. Contour lines DEFINITION
A contour line is an imaginary line on the surface of the
earth connecting points of equal elevation.
Topography is the configuration of the land surface and
is shown by means of contour lines.
The contour interval (C.I.) is the difference in elevation
between any two adjacent contour lines.

23. Contour lines
Relationship between topographic features and contour lines

24. General Features of Contour Lines
- contour lines connect points of equal elevation
- steep slopes are shown by closely spaced contour lines
- gentle slopes are shown by widely spaced contour lines
contour lines do not intersect, branch or cross, except in a vertical or overhanging cliff.
- when contour lines cross streams they bend upstream; that is, the contour line forms a 'V' with the apex at the intersection with the stream, and pointing in an upstream direction.
- closed contours appearing on the map as ellipses or circles represent hills or knobs.
- closed contours with hatchures, short lines pointing toward the center of the closure represent closed depressions.

25. - It graphically represents the 'skyline' as viewed from a distance.
Topographic Profiles
DEFINITION
- A topographic profile is a diagram that shows the change in elevation of the land surface along any given line.
- It graphically represents the 'skyline' as viewed from a distance.

26. Topographic Profile

27. Topographic Profile
Constructing a Topographic Profile