1. Topographic Maps

2. Topographic Maps
Topographic maps are useful because they represent the three-dimensional image of the land by using lines and symbols.
3D image to a 2D map

3. Topographic maps show the location and shape of mountains, valleys, plains, streams, wooded areas, roads, buildings, and many other features.

4. Topographic Map Example

5. Topographic maps are graphic representations of the surface of the Earth.
A plan view (bird’s-eye) of the land
Scales to measure ground distances
Bearings to indicate directions
Coordinate systems to locate features
Symbols for natural and cultural features
Contour lines to show the elevation, slope, and relief of the landscape

6. Topographic Map Uses
Topographic maps are useful tools for planning highways, recreational areas, airports, housing developments, etc.
For you, topographic maps may be useful for recreational activities such as hiking, boating, camping, fishing, or hunting.
How could you use a
topographic map when hiking?

7. What is Topography?
Topography is the configuration of the land surface, and it is shown on topographic maps with contour lines.

8. What are Contour lines?
A contour line is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth connecting points of equal elevation.
If you walk along a contour line you neither gain or lose elevation.

9. Contour Line Rules Each contour line represents one elevation.
Contour lines never cross!!!
The vertical spacing (difference in elevation) between contour lines is known as the contour interval.
Typical contour intervals are 10, 20, 50, and 100 feet.
The contour interval is generally given in the legend of the map.

10. Every fifth contour is printed darker.
These lines are called index contours.
If the contour interval on a map is 20 feet then the 100’, 200’, 300’ (etc.) contours will be index contours.

11. What is the Contour Interval?

12. What is the elevation for: A: ___ B:___ C:___ D:___

13. Points on the map marked “BM” are called Bench Marks.
Bench marks are survey points of known elevation. The exact elevation of a point is given as “BM 60” (for an elevation of 60 feet above sea level).
Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes.
Widely spaced contour lines represent gentle slopes.

14. Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes.

15. Widely spaced contour lines represent gentle slopes.

16. Remember that streams and rivers flow downhill (from higher elevation to lower elevations).
The point of the “V” points uphill or upstream. (Look at the map and think about this for a minute).
Note that where a contour line crosses a stream or river (of even a dry gully or valley), the contour lines are bent sharply, forming a “V”.

17. Closed Depressions
Closed depressions are indicated by contour lines that form roughly a circle, with short “tick marks” or “hachure marks” perpendicular to them on the downhill side.
A series of concentric contour lines in a rough circle represents a hill.

22. Glue your notes onto p.91 of your ISN.
Complete the vocabulary and questions for a daily grade.
You may use your notes.