1. Location, Location, Location Understanding Maps
Canadian War Museum
Gr. 9 Geography (Applied)
CGC1P: Unit 1
Location, Location, Location Understanding Maps

2. How to Label a Map
Cartography is the art of drawing accurate, easily readable, attractive maps.

3. How to Label a Map Labelling Should be as NEAT as possible
Should be printed in pencil first, then neatly copied in ink (erase pencil lines)
Should be spelled accurately
Printed parallel to the base of the map
River names should curve to follow the course of the river
A DOT (.) should be used when labeling cities, placing the name of the city as close as possible
The size of labels depends on the amount of information need on the map
Larger features usually have larger labels
Labels for similar features (capital cities) should be the same size
Labels should not block other information on the map
DO NOT underline labels

4. How to Label a Map Colouring/Shading
Maps should be properly colour coded using different colours to show the different areas on the map
Shade consistently avoiding light and dark patches
Use solid colours only
White or black are not to be used as colours on map
Grey should only be used for areas not important to the map
Blue is only to be used for water: lakes, rivers, oceans, sea, bays
When shading large water bodies, ‘feathering’ around the edge is acceptable
Ensure the colours used on the map match the colours used in the legend

5. Direction on a Map Compass: A method of finding direction Compass Rose
In the shape of a circle (360°)
Used to indicate direction on a map
The 4 CARDINAL POINTS are: North, East, South, West

6. Direction on a Map
The 12 ORDINAL POINTS are: NE, SE, SW, SE, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW

7. Work for Today
Complete Introductory Mapping Exercise – due tomorrow in class
Work on Directions on a Map Handout (will take up tomorrow)

8. Latitude and Longitude
If the Earth were flat, rectangular coordinates (x,y) would be sufficient to describe the locations of points on its surface.
However, the Earth is a sphere with no sides, and so a special frame of reference is needed.
The Northern and Southern poles provide this reference frame.

9. Latitude and Longitude
Lines of Latitude
EQUATOR – an imaginary line that divides the Earth into 2 equal parts (Northern & Southern hemispheres)
Are imaginary lines
The Equator is the starting point for latitude lines
Measure the distance North & South of the Equator
Lines are drawn around the Earth, parallel to Equator
Lines never intersect each other
Lines are approximately 111 km apart
Lines are used as political boundaries

10. Latitude
A =
B =
C =
D =

11. 90oN = North Pole
66.5oN = Arctic Circle
23.5oN = Tropic of Cancer
0oN = Equator
23.5oS = Tropic of Capricorn
66.5oS = Antartic Circle
0oS = South Pole

12. Longitude
PRIME MERIDIAN – an imaginary line that divides the Earth into 2 equal parts (Eastern & Western hemispheres)
Are imaginary lines
The Prime Meridian is the starting point for longitude lines
The International Date Line is the 180 meridian
Measure the distance East and West of the Prime Meridian
Lines are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole
Lines converge at the poles and are furthest apart at the Equator
Longitude lines are longer than latitude lines
Lines are used to determine time zones:
Note of interest: Canada spans almost 90 degrees of longitude and now uses 6 time zones covering 4.5 hrs.

13. Longitude

14. Longitude

15. Latitude and Longitude
The absolute location of a place can be determined based on latitude and longitude coordinates.
Latitude coordinates are written first, followed by longitude coordinates.
X place = _____o (N or S), _____o (E or W)

16. Ottawa =
Vancouver =
Halifax =
Yellowknife =

17. Map Scale
Map scale shows the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the Earth’s surface
Large scale VS small scale maps
Scale determines the amount of detail a map will show.
Large Scale Maps: show a large amount of detail and a small area.
e.g. 1:50 000, 1:25 000
Small Scale Maps: show a small amount of detail over a large area.
e.g. 1: , 1:
*Cool fact*: a map of the world that fits on an 8.5 x 11 inch piece of paper has a scale of 1: 100 million.

18. Large Scale vs. Small Scale Maps
Area
Detail
Example
Large Scale Maps
(1:50 000
or less)
Small
A lot (LOTS)
(streets, schools, railways, …)
Topographic maps, road maps, city bus maps
Small Scale Maps
(1: or more)
Large
A little (SMALL)
(borders, lakes, large rivers, …)
Globes, world maps, atlases

19. Map Scale
Mapping our Location:
Almonte & District High School

20. Map Scale
Mapping our Location:
Almonte & District High School

21. Map Scale
Mapping our Location:
Almonte & District High School

22. Map Scale
Mapping our Location:
Ontario

23. Map Scale
Mapping our Location:
Canada

24. Map Scale
Mapping our Location:
World

25. Map Scale
Direct Statement (DS): a statement about a distance on the map in comparison to the represented distance in the real world.
e.g. “one centimetre represents four kilometres” or
“three centimetres represents eight kilometres”

26. Map Scale
Linear Scale (LS): a straight line divided into units which can be used for measuring distance on a map.

27. Map Scale
Representative Fraction (RF): a fraction that involves no mention of units. Since units are ignored, whatever you assign to one side must be assigned to the other.
e.g. 1: could become,
1 cm : cm or,
1 m : m or,
1 “size 11 boot” : “size eleven boots”

28. Map Scale
Gorham, Maine

29. Map Scale
Scale Overview:

30. Map Scale A final reminder about conversions:
1km (kilometre) = ____________ m
1m (metre) = ______________cm
1km = ______________ = 100,000cm

31. Map Scale Give it a try... KMs between ADHS & Smiths Falls =
KMs between ADHS and Cumberland =

32. Applying Your Learning
Learn, Shop, or Play – Mapping Assignment

33. Different Types of Maps
How are different types of maps distinguished?

34. Different Types of Maps
Political Maps
Usually colored by country or by state/province
List main cities
Highlight boundaries between countries/provinces
Also name certain physical features, such as rivers and lakes

35. Different Types of Maps

36. Different Types of Maps
Physical Maps
Have colours to show natural patterns
Colours on the map can stand for types of vegetation, mountains, and other natural features

37. Different Types of Maps

38. Different Types of Maps
Climate Maps
The climate of a place is the weather it has season after season, year after year
Climate maps show the climate in a certain place

39. Different Types of Maps

40. Different Types of Maps
Land Use Resource Maps
These maps show how land is being used. They might highlight:
vegetation
crops being grown
forest vs. agriculture
mines and wells
city zoning

41. Different Types of Maps

42. Different Types of Maps

43. Different Types of Maps
Elevation Maps
Maps that show elevation change by using color or shading.

44. Different Types of Maps
What is the elevation of the San Joaquin Valley?

45. Different Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
These maps show a small area with a lot of detail. They show elevation with contour lines, natural and man-made features.

46. Different Types of Maps

47. Contour Lines
Contour lines represent the elevation at that line. If you were to walk across a line, you are changing elevation.
What is the difference between the two diagrams at the right?

48. Contour Lines A few more notes about contour lines:
Contour lines join the places that have equal elevation.
Used for heights of mountains and depths of oceans.
If someone wants to put a radio tower on the highest peak of Almonte, he/she will look on a map and find the highest contour lines.
Contour lines never touch or cross each other.
The contour interval on one map never changes throughout the entire map.

49. Were You Listening?
This map represents a small area with lots of detail. It has contour lines as well as natural and man-made features. _______________
This map uses colors to show height above sea level. ____________________________
These colorful maps show lines that people use to divide countries and states. They also show major cities. _____________________
These maps show physical features on the Earth like rivers, mountains, and deserts. ____________________________
These maps show how land is being used. For example, they might show which crops are being grown or what animals are being raised. __________________________
These maps show climate regions. ___________________

50. Pear Mapping Exercise
Final Assignment – see handout

51. Time Zones
Why do we have time
zones around the world?

52. Time Zones
Watch brief NASA Documentary (5 mins)

53. Canada spans 6 time zones!
Note: You can find Almonte in the Eastern Standard Time Zone.
In Canada, this time zone includes all of Quebec and most of Ontario (as far west as Thunder Bay)

54. Time Zones

55. Time Zones

56. Time Zones Set the clocks back or ahead? “Spring ahead, fall back”
This year, daylight savings time began on
We set the clocks ahead one hour
Daylight Savings time will end on
We will set the clocks back one hour
So when your alarm goes off at 7am...it will feel like 8am (yeah...more sleep!)

57. GIS GIS = Geographic information system
a system for storing and manipulating geographical information on computer
Examples:
Geospatial Technology: industry that uses GIS to analyze geographic info