1. Using UML, Patterns, and Java Object-Oriented Software Engineering Chapter 9, Object Design: Specifying Interfaces

2. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 2 Object Design  Object design is the process of adding details to the requirements analysis and making implementation decisions  The object designer must choose among different ways to implement the analysis model with the goal to minimize execution time, memory and other measures of cost.  Requirements Analysis: The functional model and the dynamic model deliver operations for the object model  Object Design: We decide on where to put these operations in the object model  Object design serves as the basis of implementation

3. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 3 Developers play different Roles during Object Design Developer Call Class Class Extender Class Implementor Class User Realize Class Refine Class

4. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 4 Class user versus Class Extender GameTicTacToeChess LeagueTournament 1 * Developers responsible for the implementation of League are class users of Game The developer responsible for the implementation of TicTacToe is a class extender of Game Developers responsible for the implementation of Game are class implementors

5. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 5 Specifying Interfaces  Requirements analysis activities  Identifying attributes and operations without specifying their types or their parameters.  Object design: Three activities 1. Add visibility information 2. Add type signature information 3. Add contracts

6. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 6 1. Add Visibility Information UML defines three levels of visibility:  Private (Class implementor):  A private attribute can be accessed only by the class in which it is defined.  A private operation can be invoked only by the class in which it is defined.  Private attributes and operations cannot be accessed by subclasses or other classes.  Protected (Class extender):  A protected attribute or operation can be accessed by the class in which it is defined and on any descendent of the class.  Public (Class user):  A public attribute or operation can be accessed by any class.

7. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 7 Implementation of UML Visibility in Java public Tournament(League l, int maxNumPlayers) public int getMaxNumPlayers() {…}; public List getPlayers() {…}; public void acceptPlayer(Player p) {…}; public void removePlayer(Player p) {…}; public boolean isPlayerAccepted(Player p) {…}; Tournament - maxNumPlayers: int + acceptPlayer(p:Player) + removePlayer(p:Player) + getMaxNumPlayers():int + getPlayers(): List + isPlayerAccepted(p:Player):boolean public class Tournament { private int maxNumPlayers;

8. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 8 Information Hiding Heuristics  Carefully define the public interface for classes as well as subsystems (façade)  Always apply the “Need to know” principle.  Only if somebody needs to access the information, make it publicly possible, but then only through well defined channels, so you always know the access.  The fewer an operation knows  the less likely it will be affected by any changes  the easier the class can be changed  Trade-off: Information hiding vs efficiency  Accessing a private attribute might be too slow (for example in real-time systems or games)

9. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 9 Information Hiding Design Principles  Only the operations of a class are allowed to manipulate its attributes  Access attributes only via operations.  Do not apply an operation to the result of another operation.  Write a new operation that combines the two operations.

10. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 10 2. Add Type Signature Information Hashtable +put(key:Object,entry:Object) +get(key:Object):Object +remove(key:Object) +containsKey(key:Object):boolean +size():int -numElements:int Hashtable +put() +get() +remove() +containsKey() +size() -numElements:int Attributes and operations without type information are acceptable during analysis

11. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 11 3. Add Contracts  Contracts on a class enable caller and callee to share the same assumptions about the class.  Contracts include three types of constraints:  Invariant:  A predicate that is always true for all instances of a class. Invariants are constraints associated with classes or interfaces.  Precondition:  Preconditions are predicates associated with a specific operation and must be true before the operation is invoked. Preconditions are used to specify constraints that a caller must meet before calling an operation.  Postcondition:  Postconditions are predicates associated with a specific operation and must be true after an operation is invoked. Postconditions are used to specify constraints that the object must ensure after the invocation of the operation.

12. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 12 Expressing constraints in UML Models  OCL (Object Constraint Language)  OCL allows constraints to be formally specified on single model elements or groups of model elements  A constraint is expressed as an OCL expression returning the value true or false. OCL is not a procedural language (cannot constrain control flow).  OCL expressions for Hashtable operation put():  Invariant:  context Hashtable inv: numElements >= 0 OCL expression Context is a class operation put  Precondition:  context Hashtable::put(key, entry) pre:!containsKey(key)  Post-condition:  context Hashtable::put(key, entry) post: containsKey(key) and get(key) = entry

13. Bernd Bruegge & Allen Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems 13 Expressing Constraints in UML Models  A constraint can also be depicted as a note attached to the constrained UML element by a dependency relationship. > !containsKey(key) > containsKey(key) > containsKey(key) > get(key) == entry > !containsKey(key) > numElements >= 0 HashTable put(key,entry:Object) get(key):Object remove(key:Object) containsKey(key:Object):boolean size():int numElements:int

14. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 14 Contract for acceptPlayer in Tournament (textual description of contracts, out of UML diagram) context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: not isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: getNumPlayers() < getMaxNumPlayers() context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) post: isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) post: getNumPlayers() = @pre.getNumPlayers() + 1

15. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 15 Contract for removePlayer in Tournament context Tournament::removePlayer(p) pre: isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::removePlayer(p) post: not isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::removePlayer(p) post: getNumPlayers() = @pre.getNumPlayers() - 1

16. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 16 Annotation of Tournament class public class Tournament { /** The maximum number of players * is positive at all times. * @invariant maxNumPlayers > 0 */ private int maxNumPlayers; /** The players List contains * references to Players who are * are registered with the * Tournament. */ private List players; /** Returns the current number of * players in the tournament. */ public int getNumPlayers() {…} /** Returns the maximum number of * players in the tournament. */ public int getMaxNumPlayers() {…} /** The acceptPlayer() operation * assumes that the specified * player has not been accepted * in the Tournament yet. * @pre !isPlayerAccepted(p) * @pre getNumPlayers()<maxNumPlayers * @post isPlayerAccepted(p) * @post getNumPlayers() = * @pre.getNumPlayers() + 1 */ public void acceptPlayer (Player p) {…} /** The removePlayer() operation * assumes that the specified player * is currently in the Tournament. * @pre isPlayerAccepted(p) * @post !isPlayerAccepted(p) * @post getNumPlayers() = @pre.getNumPlayers() - 1 */ public void removePlayer(Player p) {…} }

17. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 17 Constraints can involve more than one class How do we specify constraints on more than one class?

18. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 18 3 Types of Navigation through a Class Diagram Tournament start:Date end:Date League Player TournamentLeague 1. Local attribute2. Directly related class3. Indirectly related class * * * * Player * Any OCL constraint for any class diagram can be built using only a combination of these three navigation types!

19. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 19 ARENA Example: League, Tournament and Player players *tournaments {ordered} Tournament +start:Date +end:Date +acceptPlayer(p:Player) * League +start:Date +end:Date +getActivePlayers() * Player +name:String +email:String *players tournaments*

20. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 20 Model Refinement with 3 additional Constraints  A Tournament’s planned duration must be under one week.  Players can be accepted in a Tournament only if they are already registered with the corresponding League.  The number of active Players in a League are those that have taken part in at least one Tournament of the League.  To better understand these constraints we instantiate the class diagram for a specific group of instances  2 Leagues, 2 Tournaments and 5 Players

21. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 21 Instance Diagram: 2 Leagues, 2 Tournaments, and 5 Players alice:Player bob:Player marc:Player winter:Tournament tttExpert:League joe:Player xmas:Tournament chessNovice:League start=Dec 21 end=Dec 22 start=Dec 23 end=Dec 25 zoe:Player

22. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 22 Directly related class navigation context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: league.players->includes(p) Specifying the Model Constraints (see Slide 20) Local attribute navigation context Tournament inv: end - start <= Calendar.WEEK players *tournaments {ordered} Tournament +start:Date +end:Date +acceptPlayer(p:Player) * League +start:Date +end:Date +getActivePlayers() * Player +name:String +email:String *players tournaments*

23. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 23 La cardinalità molti potrebbe dare luogo a ripetizioni dei valori di player per questo bisogna convertire in Set Specifying the Model Constraints (see Slide 20) Local attribute navigation context Tournament inv: end - start <= Calendar.WEEK Directly related class navigation context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: league.players->includes(p) Indirectly related class navigation context League::getActivePlayers post: result = tournaments.players->asSet players *tournaments {ordered} Tournament +start:Date +end:Date +acceptPlayer(p:Player) * League +start:Date +end:Date +getActivePlayers() * Player +name:String +email:String *players tournaments*

24. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 24 OCL supports Quantification  OCL forall quantifier /* All Matches in a Tournament occur within the Tournament’s time frame */ context Tournament inv: matches->forAll(m:Match | m.start.after(t.start) and m.end.before(t.end))  OCL exists quantifier /* Each Tournament conducts at least one Match on the first day of the Tournament */ context Tournament inv: matches->exists(m:Match | m.start.equals(start))

25. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 25 Summary  There are three different roles for developers during object design  Class user, class implementor and class extender  During object design - and only during object design - we specify visibility rules  Constraints are boolean expressions on model elements  Contracts are constraints on a class enable class users, implementors and extenders to share the same assumption about the class (“Design by contract”)  OCL is a language that allows us to express constraints on UML models  Complicated constratins involving more than one class, attribute or operation can be expressed with 3 basic navigation types.

26. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 26 Additional Slides

27. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 27 ARENA’s object model identified during the analysis TournamentControl Player players* Tournament name 1 1 applyForTournament() Match playMove() getScore() matches * start status selectSponsors() advertizeTournament() acceptPlayer() announceTournament() start end 1 1 * matches * TournamentForm * * acceptPlayer() removePlayer() schedule() Advertiser sponsors* * * * *

28. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 28 Adding type information to ARENA’s object model TournamentControl Player players* Tournament 1 1 +applyForTournament() Match +playMove(p,m) +getScore():Map matches * +start:Date +status:MatchStatus +name:String +start:Date +end:Date 1 1 * matches* TournamentForm * * +acceptPlayer(p) +removePlayer(p) +schedule() Advertiser sponsors* * * * * +selectSponsors(advertisers):List +advertizeTournament() +acceptPlayer(p) +announceTournament() +isPlayerOverbooked():boolean

29. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 29 Pre- and post-conditions for ordering operations on TournamentControl context TournamentControl::selectSponsors(advertisers) pre: interestedSponsors->notEmpty and tournament.sponsors->isEmpty context TournamentControl::selectSponsors(advertisers) post: tournament.sponsors.equals(advertisers) context TournamentControl::advertiseTournament() pre: tournament.sponsors->isEmpty and not tournament.advertised context TournamentControl::advertiseTournament() post: tournament.advertised context TournamentControl::acceptPlayer(p) pre: tournament.advertised and interestedPlayers->includes(p) and not isPlayerOverbooked(p) context TournamentControl::acceptPlayer(p) post: tournament.players->includes(p) TournamentControl +selectSponsors(advertisers):List +advertizeTournament() +acceptPlayer(p) +announceTournament() +isPlayerOverbooked():boolean

30. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 30 Specifying invariants on Tournament and Tournament Control  All Matches of in a Tournament must occur within the time frame of the Tournament context Tournament inv: matches->forAll(m| m.start.after(start) and m.start.before(end))  No Player can take part in two or more Tournaments that overlap context TournamentControl inv: tournament.players->forAll(p| p.tournaments->forAll(t| t <> tournament implies not t.overlap(tournament)))

31. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 31 Specifying invariants on Match  A match can only involve players who are accepted in the tournament context Match inv: players->forAll(p| p.tournaments->exists(t| t.matches->includes(self))) context Match inv: players.tournaments.matches.includes(self) Player players * Tournament Match matches * * tournaments players *