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Chapter 11 Rivers & Groundwater
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11.1 Notes – The Active River Water Cycle
water cycle – the continuous movement of water from water sources, into the air, on to land, into the ground, and back to water sources evaporation – liquid water from water sources changes into water vapor in the air due to heat from the sun condensation – water vapor in the air changes into liquid droplets, forming clouds
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11.1 Notes – The Active River Water Cycle
precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail falls from the clouds on to the Earth’s surface percolation – gravity pulls water that is already in the ground through the soil back to the water sources
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11.1 Notes – The Active River Water Cycle
runoff – water flows across the ground or falls from the clouds and collects in rivers or streams
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11.1 Notes – The Active River Water Cycle
What main source of energy drives Earth’s weather systems? Solar radiation (from the sun) What drives the water cycle? The sun
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weathering – the process by which sediment is broken off rock
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erosion – the process by which sediment is picked up and moved to a new location
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Erosion What are the 5 agents of erosion? Wind
Water (rivers, streams, ocean waves) Ice (glaciers) Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, & hail) Gravity (causes landslides)
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Erosion How can erosion happen fast? How can erosion happen slowly?
A river overflowing leaving the side of the banks muddy How can erosion happen slowly? Grand Canyon – the river eroding the surface of the Earth slowly overtime
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deposition – the process by which sediment is dropped due to lack of speed
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Mountain Changes What can change the shape of a mountain?
Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, and hail Runoff – forming rivers and streams Water flowing down hill can carry sediment because of gravity Weathering, erosion, & deposition What will form at the top of a mountain during precipitation? A stream with a few bends
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11.1 Notes – The Active River
load – the rocks and soil (sediment) carried in a stream’s water Why would a river carry more of a load? Because it has more water, because it is flowing fast, because it is on a hill or mountain, because water in a river can rise during precipitation 3 types of loads: bed load – large pieces of sediment like boulders and pebbles suspended load – small pieces of sediment like small rocks and sand – this makes the water look muddy dissolved load – dissolved material like sodium and calcium – this makes the water look clear
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11.1 Notes – The Active River
meander – a curve or bend in a river or stream What happens at a meander? On the outside of the curve the water speeds up and erodes sediment On the inside of the curve the water slows down and deposits sediment channel – the path that a stream follows
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Characteristics of the 4 stages of a river
youthful river – fast, waterfalls, steep gradient, bedload, deep not wide, erosion happens quickly
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Characteristics of the 4 stages of a river
mature river – deep, slow, wide, not very steep, meanders, suspended load
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Characteristics of the 4 stages of a river
old river – slow, wide, shallow, floods, meanders, dissolved load, a lot of sediment deposits, many times forms oxbow lakes oxbow lake – formed by an increase in the flow of water in a river causing the river to change course
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Characteristics of the 4 stages of a river
rejuvenated river – land is raised by tectonic plates, steep cliffs above the river, river erodes valley floor
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11.1 Notes – The Active River
Why would one river have more sediment than another river? More water = more sediment What would give a river more water? precipitation What are two ways that beaches get sand? Waves slow down and weather rocks depositing sand Rivers end at the ocean creating a delta (deposited sediment)
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11.1 Notes – The Active River
Why does water flow downhill on a mountain? Gravity – water always flows from higher elevations to lower elevations How do you know if a river has recently flooded? There is wet mud on the ground
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11.1 Notes – The Active River
How could two mountains with a small stream in between become flat 50 million years later? precipitation What happened to the sediment? eroded by the stream and deposited in the ocean Why would a river change course? floods
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11.2 Stream and River Deposits
alluvial fan – fan shaped deposits that form on dry land when a river or stream loses speed delta – fan shaped deposits that form at large bodies of water such as the ocean when a river or stream loses speed This is one way beaches more sand.
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11.2 Stream and River Deposits
floodplains – an area along a river that forms from sediment deposited when a river overflows its banks Where would you find a lot of floodplains? On old rivers because they flood a lot
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