1. Glaciation revision

2. Key points
At all three levels (foundation, general and credit) you have to be able to recognise the main features, and be able to describe and explain their formation. You must fully understand the term natural process

3. Map work - what you should know
On a landscape diagram or OS map be able to identify
Corries , pyramidal peaks and aretes
Corrie lochs/lakes/tarns
Hanging valley
U-shape valley
Truncated spurs
As well as features formed by ice sheets
depositing materials i.e. moraines, outwash plain,
eskers, drumlins and erratics

4. Formation processes
Glacial erosion occurs through two processes, abrasion (sandpapering effect as ice moves across the land) and plucking (pieces of rock being torn away from the land)
Abrasion tends to lead to smoothed surfaces while plucking tends to produce jagged features
The glaciers consist of ice in which melting ice near the base of the glacier causes a process known as internal deformation.

5. The weight of the glacier causes it to slide on top of the melting ice
The weight of the glacier causes it to slide on top of the melting ice. Called basal sliding. How fast the glacier flows depends on the type of rock it is on , the amount of ice in the glacier and the slope of the land. The process of melting is called ablation

6. As glaciers move they erode and deposit material at their margins - that is, at the front and sides. Melt waters flowing from the glaciers further erode and deposit material in a process known as fluvioglacial process

7. Formation of a corrie Snow collects in hollow high in the mountains
Snow compacts to form ice
Weight of ice causes it to move, helped by melting water underneath
Ice has rotational movement to lip of hollow
Plucking and abrasion by the ice deepens the hollow, this is also how steep back wall is produced
After the ice has melted a corrie loch may form
2 corries back to back = steep ridge = Arete
3corries around a mountain top = Pyramidal peak

8. Formation of a U-shaped valley
Glacier flows down an existing V shaped valley
Glacier erodes sides and floor of river valley
The valley widens, deepens and straightens
After the glacier the valley is U shaped
Valley has very steep sides wide flat floor with a misfit stream
If the question says ‘you may use a diagram’ USE
ONE! it will be hard to get full marks without one.
If it says ‘with the aid of a diagram…’USE ONE! it is
IMPOSSIBLE to get full marks without one

9. Land use of glacial uplands
Tourism - sightseeing, hill walking etc e.g. Cairngorms
Winter sports - Ski resorts e.g. Aviemore
Hydro-electric power - high rainfall=supply, Corrie lochs provide storage, steep slopes =fast flowing water e.g. Ben Cruchan
Settlements/mountain passes - Flat valley floor good for settlements and and roads, railway lines through mountains
Terminals for large tankers - Fiords and sea locks e.g. Finnart on Loch long
What conflicts can these different uses create?

10. Exam style question
There is a plan to plant trees on area X name a group that might be against the plan and give reasons why (3ES)

11. Lowland features
Moraine - name for material carried by glacier, can be terminal, lateral, surface or ground
Boulder clay/till - soil formed under the glacier
Outwash plain area of sands and gravels found beyond terminal moraine
Esker - long ridges of moraine marking path of a river under the glacier
Drumlins - long rounded hill with steeper upstream side

12. Land use glacial lowlands
Farming - fertile soil caused by glacial boulder clay (note stones and gravel NOT fertile)
Quarrying - sands and gravel
Settlement - farms, villages, towns

13. What features can you see here?
What about land uses?
What would be the pros and cons of a new sport/ outdoor centre at