1. BIBLIOGRAFIA de referencia
Bernard J. Hamrock, Elementos de máquinas. Ed. Mc Graw Hill.
Robert L. Norton, Diseño de máquinas. Ed. Prentice Hall.
Shigley, Diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica, Ed. Mc Graw-Hill

2. Load, Stress and Strain When I am working on a problem, I never think
about beauty. I only think of how to solve the
problem. But when I have finished, if the solution
is not beautiful, I know it is wrong.
Richard Buckminster Fuller
Image: A dragline lifts a large load in a mining operation.

3. A Simple Crane
Figure 2.1 A simple crane and forces acting on it. (a) Assembly drawing; (b) free-body diagram of forces acting on the beam.
text reference: Figure 2.1, page 30

4. Load Classification
Figure 2.2 Load classified as to location and method of application. (a) Normal, tensile (b) normal, compressive; (c) shear; (d) bending; (e) torsion; (f) combined
text reference: Figure 2.2, page 31

5. Sign Convention
Figure 2.3 Sign convention used in bending. (a) y coordinate upward; (b) y coordinate downward.
text reference: Figure 2.3, page 32

6. Lever Assembly
Figure 2.4 Lever assembly and results. (a) Lever assembly; (b) results showning (1) normal, tensile, (2) shear, (3) bending, (4) torsion on section B of lever assembly.
text reference: Figure 2.4, page 33

7. Supports and Reactions
Table 2.1: Four types of support with their corresponding reactions.
text reference: Table 2.1, page 35

8. Ladder Free Body Diagram
Figure 2.5: Ladder having contact with the house and the ground while having a painter on the ladder. Used in Example The ladder length is l.
text reference: Figure 2.5, page 36

9. External Rim Brake and Forces
Figure 2.6 External rim brake and forces acting on it. (a) External rim brake; (b) external rim brake with forces acting on each part. (Linear dimensions are in millimeters.)
text reference: Figure 2.6, page 38

10. Sphere and Forces
Figure 2.7 Sphere and forces acting on it. (a) Sphere supported with wires from top and a spring at the bottom; (b) free-body diagram of forces acting on the sphere. Figure used in Example 2.6.
text reference: Figure 2.7, page 38

11. Beam Supports
Figure 2.8 Three types of beam support. (a) Simply supported; (b) cantilevered; (c) overhanging.
text reference: Figure 2.8, page 39

12. Simply Supported Bar
Figure 2.9 Simply supported bar with (a) midlength load and reactions; (b) free-body diagram for 0<x<l/2; (c) free body diagram for l/2<x<l; (d) shear and bending moment diagrams.
text reference: Figure 2.9, page 40

13. Singularity Functions (Part 1)
Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and expressions.
text reference: Table 2.2, page 43

14. Singularity Functions (Part 2)
Table 2.2 Six singularity and load intensity functions with corresponding graphs and expressions.
text reference: Table 2.2, page 43

15. Shear and Moment Diagrams
Figure (a) Shear and (b) moment diagrams for Example 2.8.
text reference: Figure 2.10, page 44

16. Simply Supported Beam
Figure Simply supported beam. (a) Forces acting on beam when P1=8kN, P2=5kN; w0=4kN/m; l=12m; (b) free-body diagram showing resulting forces; (c) shear and (d) moment diagrams of Example 2.9.
text reference: Figure 2.11, page 46

17. Example 2.10
Ø6mm
□25mm
Ø10mm
Figure Figures used in Example (a) Load assembly drawing; (b) free-body diagram.
text reference: Figure 2.12, page 48

18. Example
text reference: Figure 2.12, page 48

19. General State of Stress
Figure Stress element showing general state of three-dimensional stress with origin placed in center of element.
text reference: Figure 2.13, page 49

20. 2-D State of Stress
Figure 2.14 Stress element showing two-dimensional state of stress. (a) Three dimensional view; (b) plane view.
text reference: Figure 2.14, page 51

21. Equivalent Stresses
Figure Illustration of equivalent stresss states; (a) Stress element oriented in the direction of applied stress. (b) stress element oriented in different (arbitrary) direction.
text reference: Figure 2.15, page 52

22. Stresses in Oblique Plane
Figure Stresses in oblique plane at angle .
text reference: Figure 2.16, page 52

23. Mohr’s Circle
Figure Mohr’s circle diagram of Eqs. (2.13) and (2.14).
text reference: Figure 2.17, page 55

24. Results from Example 2.13
Figure Results from Example (a) Mohr’s circle diagram;
(b) stress element for principal normal stresses shown in x-y coordinates;
(c) stress element for principal stresses shown in x-y coordinates.
text reference: Figure 2.18, page 57

25. Mohr’s Circle for Triaxial Stress State
Figure Mohr’s circle for triaxial stress state. (a) Mohr’s circle representation; (b) principal stresses on two planes.
text reference: Figure 2.19, page 59

26. Example 3.5
Figure Mohr’s circle diagram for Example (a) Triaxial stress state when 1=23.43 ksi, 2=4.57 ksi, and 3=0; (b) biaxial stress state when 1=30.76 ksi and 2= ksi; (c) triaxial stress state when 1=30.76 ksi, 2=0, and 3=-2.76 ksi.
text reference: Figure 2.20, page 60

27. Stresses on Octahedral Planes
Figure Stresses acting on octahedral planes. (a) General state of stress. (b) normal stress; (c) octahedral shear stress.
text reference: Figure 2.21, page 61

28. Normal Strain
Figure Normal strain of cubic element subjected to uniform tension in x direction. (a) Three dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.
text reference: Figure 2.21, page 64

29. Shear Strain
Figure Shear strain of cubic element subjected to shear stress. (a) Three dimensional view; (b) two-dimensional (or plane) view.
text reference: Figure 2.23, page 65

30. Plain Strain
Figure Graphical depiction of plane strain element. (a) Normal strain x; (b) normal strain y; and (c) shear strain xy.
text reference: Figure 2.24, page 66

31. Circular Bar with Tensile Load
Figure Circular bar with tensile load applied.
text reference: Figure 4.10, page 149

32. Twisting due to Applied Torque
Figure Twisting of member due to applied torque.
Hipotesis de Coulomb: secciones transversales circulares, permanecen planas.
Principio de Saint Venant: secciones transversales no circulares.
text reference: Figure 4.11, page 152

33. Bending of a Bar
Figure Bar made of elastomeric material to illustrate effect of bending. (a) Undeformed bar; (b) deformed bar.
text reference: Figure 4.12, page 156

34. Bending in Cantilevered Bar
Figure Bending occurring in cantilevered bar, showing neutral surface.
text reference: Figure 4.13, page 157

35. Elements in Bending
Figure Undeformed and deformed elements in bending.
text reference: Figure 4.14, page 157

36. Bending Stress Distribution
Figure Profile view of bending stress variation.
text reference: Figure 4.15, page 158

37. Example 4.10
Figure U-shaped cross section experiencing bending moment, used in Example 4.10.
text reference: Figure 4.16, page 159

38. Curved Member in Bending
text reference: Figure 4.17, page 161

39. Curved Member in Bending
Condición: sumatorio de esfuerzos en el rn=0

40. Curved Member in Bending

41. Cross Section of Curved Member
Figure Rectangular cross section of curved member.
text reference: Figure 4.18, page 162

42. Example: Cross Section of Curved Member
Una sección transversal rectangular de un elemento curvo, tiene las dimensiones:
b= 1´ y h=r0-ri=3´, sometida a un momento de flexión puro de 20000lbf-pulg.
Hallar:
Elemento recto.
Elemento curvo. r=15´.
Elemento curvo. r=3´.
text reference: Figure 4.18, page 162

43. Tabla de Ganchos

44. Example: Cross Section of Curved Member
Una sección trapezoidal de un elemento curvo, tiene las dimensiones:
ri=10 cm
F= 125 kg
Tadm=1380 Kg/cm2
Hallar: valor de a.
text reference: Figure 4.18, page 162

45. Development of Transverse Shear
Figure How transverse shear is developed.
text reference: Figure 4.19, page 165

46. Deformation due to Transverse Shear
Figure Cantilevered bar made of highly deformable material and marked with horizontal and vertical grid lines to show deformation due to transverse shear. (a) Undeformed; (b) deformed.
text reference: Figure 4.20, page 166

47. Moments and Stresses on Elements
Figure Three-dimensional and profile views of moments and stresses associated with shaded top segment of element that has been sectioned at y’ about neutral axis. (a) Three-dimensional view; (b) profile view.
text reference: Figure 4.21, page 166

48. Maximum Shear Stress
Table 4.3 Maximum shear stress for different beam cross sections.
text reference: Table 4.3, page 168

49. Strain Gage Rosette
Figure Strain gage rosette used in Example 2.17.
text reference: Figure 2.25, page 68