1. Chapter 13
Urban Patterns

2. Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

3. Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

4. The exceptional nature of American cities
1: Gigantic “footprints” for the urbanized area
Chicago vs. London
Low densities
The predominance of SFDs
2: Suburban Dominance
Only 3 million out of 8 million in Chicago metropolitan area live in the city of Chicago
3: Much greater levels of automobile dependency

11. 4. Very steep density gradients 5. Inverse social Geography
High-rise downtown vs. low-density sprawl
5. Inverse social Geography
Rich on periphery
Poor in the center

18. Contemporary Neighborhood types in American Central Cities
1: declining “ghetto complexes”
2: “new immigrant enclaves”
3: gentrified “core areas”

20. 1: Declining Ghetto Complexes
A: These neighborhoods are products of historical and continued racial segregation, exhibiting African American populations of %.
B: very steep and sustained population losses.
Ex. Washington Park neighborhood in Chicago lost almost 1/3 of it population between 1990 and 2000.
C: job losses, capital flight, and diminishing local economic opportunity
D: virtually no new foreign-born immigrants have settled in these neighborhoods

26. 2: The New Immigrant Enclaves
a. Very impressive population growth
45% in Gage Park, average growth of 20%
b. Geographical expansion as well
c. Middle position in terms of quality of life indicators
d. Most of the “multi-ethnic” census tracts are found in these zones

28. 3: Gentrified “Core Area”
Moderate population gains
*slight increase in areas where industry was converted to residential use
*slight decreases in traditionally residential neighborhoods being subject to gentrification
Economic dynamism
Rising incomes
*The Near North Side jumped from $43,000 to $92,000 between 1990 and 2000.
Dramatic gains in the value of real estate
*In the Gold Coast, the value of real estate appreciated 9.4 times faster than the city average between 1991 and 1997.

37. Urban Structure Three models of urban structure
Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model
Geographic applications
Use of the models outside North America
European cities
Less developed countries

38. Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

39. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

40. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

41. Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.

42. Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.

43. Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig : The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

44. Professionals in Glasgow
Fig : Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.

45. Mexico City
Fig : The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.

46. Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig : The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

47. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig : In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

48. Latin American City Model
Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

49. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig : High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.

50. Inner Cities Inner-city physical problems Inner-city social problems
Deterioration process
Urban renewal
Inner-city social problems
Underclass
Culture of poverty
Inner-city economic problems
Annexation

51. Dayton, Ohio, Inner City
Fig : Drug-related arrests (left) have been concentrated in the inner-west side of the city. In the 2001 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin concentrated in the African-American section of the city.

52. Growth of Chicago
Fig : Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport.

53. Problems of Suburbs The peripheral model
Density gradient
Cost of suburban sprawl
Suburban segregation
Transportation and suburbanization
Motor vehicles
Public transportation
Local government fragmentation
Metropolitan government
Growing smart

54. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

55. Cleveland, Ohio, 1900–1990
Fig : The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

56. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig : New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

57. Public Transport in Brussels
Fig : Brussels illustrates the integration of heavy rail and light rail in public transport.