1. 1 High risk intersections - making sense of safe systems in practice Tim Hughes – National safety engineer

2. Safer journeys action plan Improve high-risk intersections We will use the High Risk Intersection Guide to identify and target the 100 highest-risk intersections to address by 2020. In 2013 a high-risk intersection programme will be developed and launched. Over 2014/15 the following will be delivered: By September 2014 solutions will be developed for at least 30 high-risk intersections. By June 2015 at least 20 high-risk intersections will be improved as per agreed solutions. 2

3. High Risk Intersections - Top 100 list 40 are at traffic signals 37 of these are urban signals / 47 urban total Only 3 are rural signals. However: we also have a top 700 list based on collective risk and there will be a similar number on personal risk. Some of these may be better value for money to fix than the top 100. HRIG helps you to identify and prioritise. 3

4. 4 The Safer Journeys Safe System Vision A safe road system increasingly free of death and serious injury

5. Safe Speed Thresholds Roads with possible conflicts between vehicles and unprotected users30-40 km/h Intersections with possible side-on conflicts between vehicles 50 km/h Roads with possible frontal conflicts between vehicles70 km/h Roads with no likelihood of frontal or side-on conflicts between road users 100 km/h 5

6. The challenge of a safe system The focus on deaths and serious injuries Identifying high risk locations Crash types that result in deaths and serious injuries (DSIs) How do countermeasures affect crash severity Crash prediction models and crash severity / casualties Prioritising on saving DSIs Safety Audit 6

7. Structure of HRIG 7 Section 2Strategic Context Section 3Crash Priorities Section 4Identifying HRI Section 5 Understanding the issues Section 6Intersection Countermeasures Section 7Programme, Monitoring and Evaluation Appendices Detailed tables, countermeasures and references

8. Severity by Side impact speed 8

9. Severity by Speed limit 9

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11. Main crash types - urban 11 CRASH TYPE Head On Off road straight Off Road bend Rear end turning Crossing, no turns Crossing turning Right turn against Pedes- trians crossing Traffic signals Roundabout Priority crossroads Priority T&Y intersections KeyLess than 5%5 to 14%15 to 24%25 to 34%35% or more

12. Main crash types - rural 12 CRASH TYPE Head On Off road straight Off Road bend Rear end turning Crossing, no turns Crossing turning Right turn against Pedes- trians crossing Traffic signals Roundabout Priority crossroads Priority T&Y intersections Ke y Less than 5%5 to 14%15 to 24%25 to 34%35% or more

13. What is a HRI? – collective risk High-risk intersections are intersections with a higher than normal risk that someone will die or be seriously injured in the future. Using recent F&S history is like chasing lightning strikes. To get a better picture: more years of data Use all injury data to estimate DSIs – gives better prediction. Because of small crash numbers at any one intersection, a high-risk intersection is only tentatively defined in a short list, and needs to be confirmed by further analysis: Risks are measured using estimated DSIs, calculated as: Collective risk: estimated number of DSI equivalents Threshold 1.1 estimated DSI equivalents in 5 years. 700 intersections – 2.5% of intersections high and medium high 13

14. Personal risk Where there are enough crashes (4) to permit a valid calculation, personal risk – or risk of DSI per vehicle using the intersection can be assessed. We have also set thresholds for these. We cannot perform this analysis globally at present because we do not have automatic access to the traffic flow data, but there is now a database with 25,000 intersections in GIS. We have used this data to set thresholds for high personal risk. Similar number to high and medium high collective risk with little overlap. 14

15. What is a high risk intersection? 15

16. Treatment Philosophy Strategy 16

17. LoSS and Transformation potential Once we have the flow data we can also use crash prediction models to compare the reported crashes with those that we would normally expect for an intersection of that type with that amount of traffic. We call this the Level of Safety Service (LoSS). We can use a similar method to compare the potential for improvement by changing to a different form or control type. 17

18. Level of Safety Service: Urban 4 leg signals 18

19. What is a high risk intersection? - Auckland 19

20. Comparing intersection types 20

21. Comparing intersection types 21

22. Comparing intersection types 22

23. Countermeasures – What have we learnt? 23 Pedestrians: Where pedestrians cross a traffic stream – vulnerable due to traffic speed. Rarely a red running issue - pedestrian compliance - longer cycle times worsen pedestrian safety. Pedestrian optimised? Where traffic is turning, typically speeds are slower – but still severe if a heavy vehicle is involved turning at lights. Half of urban pedestrian and cyclist deaths involve a heavy vehicle. Pedestrians early start?

24. Countermeasures – What have we learnt? 24 Rural intersections: Priority cross roads and T-junctions are by far the worst – very high risk and high severity. Roundabouts best - if exits clear zoned. Rural signals need careful design, phasing, detection and clear zones - but can be lower risk – especially at T-junctions.

25. Countermeasures – clear zones – at intersections 25

26. How are we responding to the challenge? The focus on deaths and serious injuries Using F&S crashes or estimating DSIs using severity ratios Identifying high risk intersections. Using injury crash data and estimating DSIs from typical severities. No risk assessment tools equivalent to KAT Crash types that result in deaths and serious injuries More focus on severe crash types e.g. side impacts, pedestrians and cyclists. Considering how countermeasures affect crash severity Roundabouts, barriers and clear zones Crash prediction models and crash severity / casualties Still requires development – using typical severities. 26

27. Developing the forward SH programme Strategic assessment – SafetyNET – now includes intersections Safety works prioritised on DSIs saved / project life / $100m 27

28. Red Light Running – about one third Failed to notice red signal Brightness Location, location, location Background distraction / confusion Progression expectation Inconsistent phasing - arrows

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39. Right turn against (LB) – nearly one third geometric - visibility judging speed, intentions - multilane turning on yellow - one lane stops through or turning left? phasing & arrows

48. Right turn arrows Reduction in LB crashes due to arrows: (Hall TRRL) filter then lag right turn arrow:30% lead right turn arrow then filter: 68% lead right turn arrow (no filter):90% Problem with lag turns – amber trap

49. Countermeasures – What have we learnt? 49 Turn lanes mixed blessing Right turn lanes - reduce low severity rear ends but if not aligned well (typical), are visibility block – increase risk. Also more lanes speed up through vehicles into turning traffic. So may increase high severity crashes while reduce low severity type. While shared left / through lanes not as bad since GW rule changes – (indicating left but travel through) but still much worse for cyclists. Right turn against – mostly a multilane issue.

50. Pedestrian Conflicts - crossroads One fifth to one quarter – higher in CBD InjuryF&S  Ped Crossing from left 13636  Ped crossing from right 77 16  Car turns left ped from left 4211 ped from right 19 3  Car turns right ped from left11524 ped from right. 77 15

52. Pedestrian Conflicts: through vehicles Rarely blackspots but some observations  Mid-block signals safe  Mostly pedestrian violations  Some red light running

53. Pedestrian Conflicts: turning vehicles Rarely blackspots but some observations  Wide intersections intimidate  Distraction by vehicles  Slip lanes are safe (high entry angle – tight radius)  Lane layouts that simplify turning decisions  GW rule change should help

54. Addressing the design of the system Einstein: “It is not possible to solve problems using the same kind of thinking that was used to create them.”

55. 55 Thank you