1. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TODs & Complete Streets Unit 6: Station Design & Access

2. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood What is Transit Oriented Development? “Compact, mixed use development near transit facilities and high quality walking environments.” ~ Federal Transit Administration GOAL: Provide sustainable places where people can maximize use of transit systems as part of their work and leisure travel

3. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Question If you were asked to build from scratch the land around a light rail stop, how would set up this neighborhood? What would it look like? Why?

4. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Some Common TOD Characteristics Centered around rail or bus station High density development within one-quarter to one-half mile Mixed development – Shops, schools, public areas, variety of housing types Built with “complete streets” Streets have good connectivity and traffic calming Parking management policies Convenient and well designed transit stops and stations Wayfinding and navigation

5. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Convenient/ Well Designed Stations

6. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood High Density Mixed Development

7. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood High Connectivity with Area

8. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Coordination Along the Corridor

9. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Consider the Pedestrian Scale

10. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Careful with Definitions Transit Oriented Development Grid pattern Higher densities Limited surface parking Pedestrian and bicycle designs Mixed housing types Horizontal & vertical mixed uses Office and retail on main streets Transit Adjacent Development Suburban street pattern Lower densities Dominant surface parking Limited pedestrian & bicycle access Mainly single-family homes Segregated land uses

11. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Benefits of TOD More transit ridership Shifts auto trips to transit Increases accessibility Promotes walking/ cycling Reduces vehicle ownership Improves environmental impacts Minimizes transportation costs

12. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Vehicle Ownership in TODs

13. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Commuting Patterns for TODs

14. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Housing & Transport Costs for TODs

15. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Place Typologies Regional Centers Urban Centers

16. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Place Typologies Suburban Centers Transit Town Centers

17. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Place Typologies Urban Neighborhoods Transit Neighborhoods

18. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Place Typologies Specialty Use Districts Mixed-Use Corridors

19. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Identifying TOD Places

20. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Identifying TOD Places

21. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Development Guidelines for TOD Places

22. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Development Guidelines for TOD Places

23. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood What Is Needed to Have TOD Work? ModeService TypeMinimum Density (Dwelling Units Per Acre) Area and Location Dial-a-BusDemand response serving general public (not just people with disabilities. 3.5 to 6Community-wide “Minimum” Local Bus 1/2-mile route spacing, 20 buses per day 4Neighborhood “Intermediate” Local Bus 1/2-mile route spacing, 40 buses per day 7Neighborhood “Frequent” Local Bus 1/2-mile route spacing, 120 buses per day 15Neighborhood Express Bus – Foot access Five buses during two-hour peak period 15 Average density over 20-square-mile area within 10 to 15 miles of a large downtown Express Bus – Auto access Five to ten buses during two-hour peak period 15Average density over 20-square-mile tributary area, within 10 to 15 miles of a large downtown Light RailFive minute headways or better during peak hour. 9Within walking distance of transit line, serving large downtown. Rapid TransitFive minute headways or better during peak hour. 12Within walking distance of transit stations serving large downtown. Commuter RailTwenty trains a day.1 to 2Serving very large downtown.

24. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Works Best When They’re Coordinated

25. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Corridor 1: Destination Connector Links residential areas to multiple activity centers – Ridership in both directions Demand for new development in “destination” stations Pedestrian access is critical

26. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Corridor 2: Commuter Line Links residential areas to one major activity center – Ridership in one direction Most likely heavy rail system Demand for residential development along corridor Park-and-ride recommended

27. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Corridor 3: District Circulator Travels within a major activity center, a few neighbors – Ridership in both directions Requires regional development plan Supports shorter trips May link with other corridor types

28. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TOD Area Planning Objectives Develop clear land use alternatives Understand market demand Forecast ridership/ parking needs for TOD Minimize land use conflicts Analyze zoning impacts Set minimum allowable density standards Set affordable housing goals Ensure accessibility...plus many more!

29. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Example: Austin, Texas

30. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Example: Portland, Oregon

31. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Example: Miami, Florida

32. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Complete Streets

33. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Challenges Improvements related to self-selection Equity for low-income groups Prior land uses present in area Development companies must support Integration with automobiles

34. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Conclusion TOD is : “Compact, mixed use development near transit facilities and high quality walking environments.” The objective of TOD is to create an environment where people don’t need a privately owned vehicle.

35. Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Reference The materials in this lecture were taken from: "Walker, J. (2011). Human transit: How clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives. Island Press. Pushkarev, Boris, and Jeffrey M. Zupan. Public transportation and land use policy. Vol. 977. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977.