1. Urban and Rural Canada
Where would you like to live in Canada? Why?

2. Big Ideas

3. Where do Canadians Live?
Communities come in all shapes and sizes: hamlets, villages, towns, small cities, and large cities. Canada offers a variety of places in which to live, from a fishing village in the Atlantic Maritime ecozone, to a large city in the Mixedwood Plains ecozone, or a small town in the Prairie ecozone.

4. Urban vs Rural
Urban describes an area where a lot of people live at a high density.
Rural describes an area where people are spread out at a low density.
Very large densely populated city areas known as census metropolitan areas (CMAs).
Statistics Canada introduced the term population centre to more specifically define urban areas. While most people will continue to use everyday terms like village, town, and city, the official term population centre is defined as an area with a population of at least 1000 and a density of 400 or more people per square kilometre.

5. Population Centres Population centres are divided into three groups:
small population centres - between 1000 and people;
medium population centres - between and ; and
large population centres people and over.
For example, the city of Toronto is closely surrounded by several municipalities including Markham, Oakville, and Mississauga. A CMA has a total population of at least with an urban core of at least people. Toronto ranks No. 1 in population among the country’s 33 CMAs.

6. NL Population Centre Fast Fact
Paradise, NL, with a population of , had a 40.6% increase in population between 2006 and St. John’s, with a population of , had an 8.8% increase.

7. CMA’s in Canada
The 10 fastest growing CMAs in Canada, in order of greatest increase, are:
1. Calgary, Alberta
2. Edmonton, Alberta
3. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
4. Kelowna, British Columbia
5. Moncton, New Brunswick
6. Vancouver, British Columbia
7. Toronto, Ontario
8. Ottawa-Gatineau, Ontario-Quebec
9. St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador
10. Brantford, Ontario

8. Fastest growing cities

9. Urbanization
Urbanization refers to the growing trend of increasing numbers of people choosing to live in cities.
Although China has a significantly larger population than Canada, only 47% of its population lives in urban areas.

10. Canada’s Heartland
The Golden Horseshoe region in southern Ontario and the Montreal region are two areas in Canada that are very popular for settlement.
In the past, settlers were attracted to these areas because there was access to the waterways of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. These waterways were a good means of transportation and provided accessibility to trade routes.
The hospitable climate and rich soils also made this region favourable for European settlement.
From the riches that the natural systems provided, cities such as Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, Hamilton, and Niagara Falls developed.
Today, this region is known as Canada’s Heartland, as it is the hub of the country’s economic and industrial activity.

11. Western Canada
Natural systems also contributed to development in western Canada, especially southern British Columbia.
Bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west, southern British Columbia gave rise to many ports, which served as trading posts.
The area also has a moderate climate and an abundance of fish stocks from ocean waters. Inland forests supported the province’s forest products industries.
These physical features led to the development of the cities of Vancouver and Victoria

12. Western Canada…cont
A combination of natural and human systems contributed to the growth of Canada’s Prairie provinces.
With the completion of the Trans-Canada railway and offers of free land from the Canadian government, many settlers moved west.
As more and more people headed west, the cities of Calgary, Regina, and Winnipeg grew.
I grew up in a small town, Wheat fields for a downtown kind of place, There was really not much around, You blink and you miss it…—Paul Brandt, “Small Towns and Big Dreams”

13. Resource-based Communities
Twenty per cent of Canadians live in communities that are scattered in rural areas.
Many of these rural communities have grown around a primary industry such as fishing, forestry, or mining.
Resource-based communities often provide excellent opportunities for employment. As well, the economic spinoff creates opportunities for other businesses to help serve the needs of the primary employer. However, much of the profit from the sale of the resource may leave the community and go to shareholders of the company that owns the resource production facilities.
there is little accumulation of capital in resource-based communities. Also, if the resource runs out or if market demand for the product declines, the community will face significant economic challenges. (Can you think of an example – hmmm… Hr. Breton)

15. Collapse of an Industry
In 1992 when the cod fishery collapsed in Atlantic Canada, many communities that depended on this fishery were seriously affected. The federal government placed a moratorium (ban) on cod fishing, leaving many fishers and fish plant employees out of work.
The fishing industry has changed to focus on more plentiful species such as shellfish and on aquaculture. In 2010 the fishery employed more than people mostly in rural areas and was valued at $942 million.
Overall the fishery employs fewer workers than it did in 1992 though the total value of the fishery has increased.

16. Resource-based Communities
Other resource-based communities in the province, such as Labrador City, are experiencing significant economic growth. Demand for iron ore, used for making steel, has soared based on demand from rapidly industrializing countries such as China and India.
The arrival of new workers has led to intense competition for housing, causing rents to increase dramatically.

17. Urban Land Use
Land use is a term that geographers and planners use to identify the different areas where people live, shop, work, play, and go to school.
In Canada, we have six main designations for urban land use.

18. Residential Land Use
Residential land use refers to land that has been allocated to living space.

19. Transportation Land Use
Transportation land use is another important designation in community planning. Moving people and goods from place to place is made easier by roads, highways, subways, streetcars, trains, and airplanes.
What forms of transportation do you use?

20. Commercial Land Use
Commercial land use accounts for land that has been assigned to business activities, or the buying and selling of products and services. These goods and services can be found along a main street, in a neighbourhood plaza, in a shopping mall, or in a set of big-box stores.

21. Industrial Land Use
Industrial land use refers to land allocated to factories (where goods are manufactured), warehouses, and other secondary industries. These areas are often located along major transportation routes, such as highways or rail lines. Access to such routes is important to the transport of goods to other markets.

22. Institutional Land Use
Institutional land use refers to urban land that is occupied by schools, hospitals, places of worship, and government offices.

23. Open Space and Recreational Land Use
Open space land use refers to land that has been left in its natural state. A forest is an example of open space. Paired with open space is recreational land use. Playgrounds, parks, golf courses, and sports fields are all examples of recreational land use.

24. Land use Planning
We need to provide housing for a growing population and maintain a prosperous urban economy. Yet, at the same time, we must satisfy the need for green open space and protect wildlife habitats around urban places.
Land use planning decisions in our local communities are made by urban and transportation planners, politicians, developers, and citizens.

25. Geo-lab Challenge pg. 212 Read the lab.
Relative location – near; next to; west of etc…
Absolute Location – latitude and longitude
Answer questions 1, 2, 4 and 5 in stretch your thinking on page 213.
#’s 1 and 2 in Activate your learning.

26. Canada’s Booming Urban Centres
With completion of Canada’s railway in the nineteenth century, cities and towns developed along the rail lines that linked Canada from coast to coast.
Following the Second World War, there was an explosion of urban centres across Canada.
The economy was thriving, and car ownership increased. Widespread use of cars allowed Canadians to move out of the city core to areas where the population density and costs were lower.
This trend marked the birth of the suburbs. Prosperity spurred not only the move of people to the suburbs, but also the migration of service industries. Banks, restaurants, hospitals, and shopping malls all relocated to the suburbs.

27. Another Song!!!!

28. Lab
Urbanization in Canada
Questions:
1. Identify three factors that account for the high percentage of rural residents in 1851.
2. What factors account for the declining number of rural residents and the increasing number of urban residents in 1911?
3. B y the 1970s, there was a significant decrease in rural Residents. Why is the percentage of rural residents decreasing?
4. I n 2011, almost 20% of Canadians remained in rural areas. Suggest reasons why Canadians remain in rural areas.
5. The Atlantic Maritime and Boreal Shield ecozones have CMAs that are smaller than those found in the other ecozones. What might account for this? Consider both natural and human systems.

29. The car…a good place to start
When looking at urban issues a good starting point would be automobiles:

30. Case Study - Ontario’s Disappearing Farmland Solution
Pages
Terms to look at:
Urban Sprawl
Greenbelt
Smog
HOV
Waste Management

31. Case Study - Questions
Explain two ways that urban sprawl affects agriculture.
Make a prediction about the future of agricultural land surrounding your city or the city nearest you.
Do you think you would move closer to your school or work if it meant spending less time in a car or bus? Why or why not?
What can cities do to reduce smog? What are some ways to raise awareness of the issue?
What types of waste management strategies are in place in your community? How successful are these strategies environmentally and economically?

32. Future Urban Centres – Simple Changes
narrow row housing is being constructed with small front lawns and back alleys to accommodate car access.
Garages are detached and placed at the back of homes.
Apartments are added as a second floor for extended family or rental tenants.
Porches on the front of houses bring people into closer contact with neighbours and the community.
focus is on pedestrian walkways. This encourages pedestrian traffic and cycling, and greatly reduces the need for cars.

33. Smart growth or new urbanism
Smart growth is a concept that involves plans for urban expansion that also preserve the natural environment. new urbanism is a movement to reform the design of physical communities.
It is a way of designing communities using traditional features such as front porches and back lanes with an efficient mix of land uses.
complete cities: a place where people could live, work, and shop without ever having to get into their car

34. Smart Growth Principles
Develop in existing communities, making them more compact and
dense, rather than creating suburbs that spread out into rural areas.
Mix land uses: Put homes, stores, offices, and services in the same neighbourhoods within walking distance of each other.
Create a range of housing opportunities that will bring together people of different ages, household types, incomes, and ethnicities.
Provide a variety of transportation choices, including public transit.
Create places and routes for safe walking and biking.
Protect green space, farmland, and ecologically sensitive land, such as wetlands and woodlots.
Protect wildlife habitat by creating natural corridors through urban areas. By establishing green space and maintaining forests in a continuous
pathway through cities, wildlife can move around freely and safely.

35. Green Thinking
Green technologies, which are environmentally conscious ways of constructing buildings, are becoming more and more popular.
Solar energy and wind turbines are already in use in “green” homes and businesses across Canada.
Old tires are being used to create rubber roofing tiles.
Green roofs are another eco-friendly alternative that are becoming more and more popular. Some schools are developing gardens on rooftops. They help soak up runoff that would otherwise carry pollutants into water supply.

36. Telecommuting the process of commuting electronically to work.
using technology to connect with the workplace from home or from anywhere on the road using mobile technology.
With the widespread use of smart phones and smaller and smaller computers, people are able to maintain businesses and stay in touch with clients from anywhere in the world.

37. Case Study : Bringing People Back to the City
1. Examining the three points listed above, what are the advantages of these practices? 2. How may these goals be achieved? 3. W hat factors must urban planners and government officials keep in mind when developing initiatives like the one in Vancouver? 4. What might Vancouver have looked like had this sustainable development and lifestyle not been adopted? 5. If you were put in charge of designing a city, what elements would you include? How would you use the land? What would the residential areas be like? 6. How would you evaluate the effect of land use policy in your local community? What criteria would you use?