1. Review for EUH3931 From late 19 th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)

2. Readings: J.A. Grenville, A History of the World:- Chapter 1. (Especially sections relating to European powers) Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Overfield, Sources of Global …Chapters 1-3. Internet (Wikipedia…)

3. Intellectual/Cultural themes of the 19 th century: Positivism – Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer Liberalism – Modern nation-states Conservatism – Edmund Burke, Benjamin Disraeli, Joseph de Maistre Marxism – Karl Marx/F. Engels, K. Kautsky, R. Luxemburg, V.I. Lenin Socialism – E. Bernstein, A. Bebel Anarchism – M. Bakunin, P. Kropotkin

4. 19 th Century Background Social Darwinism – H. Spencer, T.H. Huxley, A. Gobineau Nationalism – Nation-States, Militant forms in late 19 th century tied to imperialism/jingoism Imperialism: Africa and Asia (Germany, France, Gt. Britain, Belgium, Italy)

5. Age of Imperialism, 1880- 1914 Why were Europeans in favor of imperialism? Commerce, Civilization, Christianity Major imperial powers (Gt. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan) Imperialism of Russia and Austria-Hungary

6. World Outside of Europe United States (Industrialization and Growth, Major wars/treaties, Imperialism) Japan – Modernization (Meiji restoration), Open door to west after 1868. Imperialism in Asia (Korea, China, etc.) China – Isolationism during Manchu or Quing dynasty, Imperial intervention in 19 th century, conflicts with outsiders (Japan in 1895 and Boxer Rebellion in 1900).

7. Nationalism and Imperialism in Japan How do we account for Japan's imperialistic actions between 1894 and 1905? The following points help to explain this phenomenon: 1.Japan's deep concerns for national security, 2.Its emulation of the imperialistic behaviors of Western powers, and 3.Japanese national ideals and personal characteristics.

8. Early stages of modern Japanese imperialism Japan forcefully acquired three major foreign territories between 1894 and 1910: Taiwan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 5 Korea as a protectorate in 1905 after the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-5, then as a colony when unilaterally annexed by Japan in 1910 Kwantung Leased Territories in 1905 in southern Manchuria when Japan succeeded to Russia's leases after the Russo-Japanese War.

9. Modern China China in Search of Unity, 1900-1911

10. China in 20 th century Rule of Ch’ing/ Manchu Dynasty, 1648-1911) Impact of the West and Japan (traditional China vs. modern China) 1895 – War with Japan (Korea) 1900 – Boxer Rebellion 1911 – Sun Yat-sen overthrows Ch’ing rulers and establishes a republic. 1912 – Kuomintang formed.

11. Background to WWI Great Powers and their relative position to one another: Germany, Italy, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Alliances of Great Powers: Dual Alliance(1894), Triple Alliance (1879,1882), Entente Cordiale (1904,1907).

12. How war came… Causes of WWI: Diplomatic ties; militant nationalism; imperial tensions (Morocco 1905, 1911, Bosnia, 1908, Balkan Wars, 1912- 1913). Outbreak of war? Assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June, 1914. Austria challenges Serbia with an ultimatum and then declares war. Schlieffen Plan, 1905 (Role in starting war?_)

13. First World War, 1914-1918 How did war start? What was war about? What kind of war was it? (Stalemate/trench warfare, Total War, etc.) Role of propaganda Role of Home Front

14. First World War What were the major turning points of the war: 1914 – Battle of Marne 1915 -- Unrestricted submarine warfare, Gallipoli 1916 -- Verdun, Somme 1917 -- Russia leaves the war US joins it.

15. End of War 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German Spring offensive. Who won the war? Why did they win? Expectations of victors? Punish Germany, establish a “new” Europe based on Wilson’s 14 points (issued in January, 1918).

16. Russian Revolutions, 1917 Russia during WWI and in the post-war era: Political/Social Background: Types of political parties on the left: Marxists (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists)

17. Russian Revolutions, 1917- Russian Revolution of March, 1917 – Provisional Government est., Soviets share power with new PG. October, 1917 – Storming of the Winter Palace, beginning of Bolshevik-led revolution Revolution and Civil War, 1918-1921 Opposing sides: Reds (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists) vs. Whites (monarchists, military, liberals, traditionalists)

18. Reasons for Bolshevik victory? Party organization – “What is to be done?” Cheka – created 1917 Propaganda (Agit-prop) -- Posters, lectures, etc. Revolutionary Utopia: Winning over the people: ending the war, promising a new world… Leadership (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin). Red Army -- Trotsky

19. Fate of Great Power system End of European empires: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian- Hungarian Great Power system shattered

20. Aftermath of war, 1919- Significance of Paris Peace Conference, 1919- 1920 (winners and losers, League of Nations, treaties, etc.) New Europe? What did it look like? What had changed? (Borders, new countries, new political systems, continuation of “old” politics…)

21. Models for rule/economics Liberalism in the “New Europe” after 1919 Communism (Russian Revolution/Civil War, 1917-1921) Fascism (1919-) – Italy, Germany, Portugal, etc. Authoritarianism – Poland, Hungary, etc.