1. Lecture 13 (11/25) Severe Storms

2. Severe Storm A thunderstorm must have one or more of the following to be considered a severe storm: (NWS classification) Winds 58 mph (50 knots) or more Hail 3/4” in diameter or larger Tornado

3. Supercell Thunderstorms A supercell thunderstorm is a t.s. with a deep rotating updraft (mesocyclone) Updraft elements usually merge into the main rotating updraft and then accelerate rapidly Flanking updrafts "feed" the supercell updraft, rather than compete with it Small percentage of all t.s.’s are supercells but they cause the majority of damage

4. Diagram of a Supercell

5. A Look from the SE

6. Types of Supercells Low Precipitation - (LP) - high cloud bases, little precip, large hail and winds more likely than tornadoes, often form along dryline High Precipitation - (HP) - occurs in very moist air, precipitation often wraps around wall cloud and tornado, hard to see except by Doppler radar, dangerous to chase (and easy to get dents in car with)

7. Classic Supercell Classic supercell - in between HP and LP Most of precip is separated from updraft region Good one to chase b/c you can usually see the wall cloud and tornado and stay out of it’s path

8. Features of Supercells Mesocyclone (p.125) organizes updraft and downdraft and keeps them separate Updraft is slanted downwind (aloft) so hail/rain doesn’t fall through it and kill it Supercell can last for hours and travel a hundred plus miles Often moves to the right of the mean flow - has to do with rotation (vorticity) and propagation What does propagation mean?

9. How Supercells Move Movement = Advection + Propagation This little formula applies to pretty much everything in weather advection = just the horizontal transport of the feature (like a supercell) along with the winds propagation = development of the feature (usually happens towards inflow or flanking line in the case of a supercell)

10. Overshooting Top Overshooting top - characteristic of a strong updraft The updraft goes higher than the rest of the clouds near it (in the anvil) Overshoots the tropopause or equilibrium level btwn the troposphere & stratosphere Updraft penetrates stratosphere and then is forced back down to equilibrium level

11. Overshooting Top

12. Mammatus See bottom of p. 167 Little puffy clouds extending downward from anvil Indication of high turbulence and strong updraft(s) in vicinity Remember, the harder and more defined cloud features are stronger than the soft and less defined features

13. Mammatus pictures

14. Pileus Clouds Can form immediately above a growing updraft if it’s humid at upper levels Don’t be fooled by the soft appearance of pileus - they can hide the hard features of the actual updraft see p. 176 in text

15. Pileus Picture

16. Anvil Strong winds at upper levels usually accompany supercell thunderstorms (they help the updraft tilt) The winds push the anvil along with them at high speeds (>50 mph) In a strong updraft, a small anvil will blow upstream too (called backsheared anvil) Again, the harder the feature, the stronger the updraft

17. Backsheared Anvil

18. Wall Cloud Wall cloud is a region of cloudiness beneath the rotating updraft region of a thunderstorm Usually slopes toward the rain and hail shaft (bottom of wall cloud closer to precip than top) Must be rotating for it to be classified as a wall cloud Often confused with shelf clouds & scud

19. Wall Cloud Picture

20. Shelf Cloud Usually slopes away from precipitation Shelf cloud = feature of outflow whereas a wall cloud = feature of inflow

21. Shelf Cloud

22. Beaver’s Tail Beaver’s tail is just a flanking line of inflow winds

23. Hail Hail can be a very destructive force Formation –Starts as frozen raindrop or groupel –Held aloft by thunderstorm’s updraft –Grow from riming or supercooled droplets freezing to hailstone

24. Hail images

25. More hail

26. Lightning

27. Tornadoes – Fujita scale F0 Light damage. Wind up to 72 mph. F1 Moderate damage. Wind 73 to 112 mph. F2 Considerable damage. Wind 113 to 157 mph. F3 Severe damage. Wind 158 to 206 mph. F4 Devastating damage. Wind 207 to 260 mph. F5 Incredible damage. Wind above 261 mph.

28. Tracking Tornadoes

29. For Next time Homework is posted No reading assignment